{"id":3768,"date":"2021-03-22T18:22:48","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T18:22:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/13thgwangjubiennale.org\/?page_id=3768"},"modified":"2021-03-23T21:44:55","modified_gmt":"2021-03-23T21:44:55","slug":"pasquinelli-joler","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/13thgwangjubiennale.org\/ko\/pasquinelli-joler\/","title":{"rendered":"\ub9c8\ud14c\uc624 \ud30c\uc2a4\ud034\ub12c\ub9ac & \ube14\ub77c\ub2e8 \uc69c\ub7ec"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a><\/p>\n

\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \uc120\uc5b8<\/strong>: <\/strong>\uc9c0\uc2dd\ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 <\/strong>AI<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"Lens\"<\/p>\n

1. \uc774\uc131\uc758 \uae30\uacc4\ud654 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc57d\uac04\uc758 \uae68\ub2ec\uc74c<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504(Nooscope)\ub294 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \uadf8\ub9b0 \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub85c, \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uc778\ubb38\ud559 \ubaa8\ub450\ub97c \ub3c4\ubc1c\ud560 \uc758\ub3c4\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \ud3b8\ud30c\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uac01\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \ud1a0\ub860\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc774 \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub294 AI \ubc18\ub300\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc131\uba85\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uc120\uc5b8\ubb38\uc758 \uc8fc \ubaa9\uc801\uc740 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ud654\ud654\uc5d0 \ub3c4\uc804\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c, \uccab\uc9f8\ub85c\ub294\u00a0\uc9c0\ub2a5<\/u><\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uc758 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c, \ub458\uc9f8\ub85c\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc640 \uc778\uac04\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\u00a0\uc790\uc728\uc801<\/u><\/strong>\uc778 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc811\uadfc\ud55c\ub2e4.[i]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0‘\uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud45c\ud604\uc5d0\uc11c ‘\uc778\uacf5’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud615\uc6a9\uc0ac\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc790\uc728\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ud654\ub97c \ub3d9\ubc18\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uae30\uc99d\uc2dd\ud558\ub294 \u2018\uc774\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc801\uc874\uc7ac\u2019\ub97c \uc554\uc2dc\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \ucca8\ub2e8\uae30\uc220 \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uc9c0\uc815\ud559\uc801 \uc790\uc728\uc131\uc744 \ud0a4\uc6b0\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\uc758 \uc790\uc728\uc131\uc744 \uc740\ud3d0\ud558\ub294 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uc18c\uc678\uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uc2e0\ud654\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc774\uc131\uc744 \uae30\uacc4\ud654\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc774 \ud604\ub300\uc758 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\ub294 21\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\u00a0\uc9c0\uc2dd \ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc801 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uae30\uc5c5\uccb4\uc81c\ub85c \uadf9\uba85\ud558\uac8c \ubcc0\uc9c8\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[ii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5(machine learning) \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4 \uc555\ucd95 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc778 \uac83\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud558\uba74 \uc774\ub294 \uadf8\ub9ac \ub180\ub78d\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uacb0\uacfc\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc740 AI\ub97c ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc801 \uae30\uacc4(intelligent machine)’\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ub150\uc801 \uc9c0\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\uc2dd\ub3c4\uad6c(knowledge instrument) \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub85c \ub04c\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub9ac\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc2e0\ube44\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc778\uc2dd\ub2a5\ub825\uc758 \uc804\uc124\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ud558\uae30 \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc190\uc774 \ubbf8\uce58\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ud2b9\uc9d5, \ud328\ud134, \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3d5\ub294\u00a0\uc9c0\uc2dd\ud655\ub300\uacbd<\/u><\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud0c0\ub2f9\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c0\uc2dd\ud655\ub300\uacbd\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\ub9ac \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc\ub370, \uc774\ubbf8 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uacfc \uc758\ud559\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uad11\ud559 \uae30\uad6c\ub4e4\uc774 \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4.[iii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774\uc640 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \ubcf4\uace0 \ud0d0\uc0c9\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc778\u00a0\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504<\/u><\/strong>\uc77c\u00a0\ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4(\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\ub2e4, \uad00\ucc30\ud558\ub2e4\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b\uc758 skopein\uacfc \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ub73b\ud558\ub294 noos\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc654\ub2e4).<\/p>\n

\uace0\ud2b8\ud504\ub9ac\ud2b8 \ube4c\ud5ec\ub984 \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20(Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)\uc758 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \ucc28\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec, \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub2e4\uc774\uc5b4\uadf8\ub7a8\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\uc744 \uad11\ud559 \ub9e4\uccb4\uc5d0 \ube44\uc720\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20\ub294\u00a0\ub17c\ub9ac\uacc4\uc0b0\ud559(calculus ratiocinator)\uc640 ‘\uc218\ub9ac\uc694\uc18c\uae30\ud638(characteristic numbers)'(\uc778\uac04 \uc774\uc131\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ubd80\ud638\ud654\ud558\uace0 \ud574\uacb0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801 \uc218\ub9ac \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc124\uacc4\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01)\uc758 \ud798\uc744 \ub17c\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud604\ubbf8\uacbd\uacfc \ub9dd\uc6d0\uacbd \uac19\uc740 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ud655\ub300 \uae30\uae30\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ube44\uc720\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub294 ‘\ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc218\ub9ac\uc694\uc18c\uae30\ud638\uac00 \ud655\ub9bd\ub418\uba74, \uc778\ub958\ub294 \uad11\ud559\uc801 \uae30\uad6c\uac00 \ub208\uc744 \uac15\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub9cc\ud07c\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ud06c\uac8c \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae30\uad6c\ub97c \uc18c\uc720\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\uba70, \uc774\uc131\uc774 \uc2dc\ub825\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc6b0\uc6d4\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \ud604\ubbf8\uacbd\uacfc \ub9dd\uc6d0\uacbd\uc744 \ub300\uccb4\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.’\ub77c\uace0 \uc37c\ub2e4.[iv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ube44\ub85d \uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc774 \uc591\uc801 \ubb38\ud654\uc640 \uc9c8\uc801 \ubb38\ud654 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ub300\ub9bd\uc744 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20\uc758 \uc2e0\uc870\ub97c \ub530\ub97c \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub17c\uc7c1\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub2e8\uc815\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uacb0\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uce21\uc815 \ubc0f \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc7a5\uce58\ub4e4\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub0b4\uc7ac\uc801\uc778 \uc65c\uace1\uc744 \ub3d9\ubc18\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud604\ubbf8\uacbd\uacfc \ub9dd\uc6d0\uacbd\uc758 \ub80c\uc988\uac00 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \ub9e4\ub044\ub7ec\uc6b4 \uace1\uba74\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uac83\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758\u00a0\ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ub80c\uc988\ub294 \uacb0\ud568\uacfc \ud3b8\uacac\uc744 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub80c\uc988\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc0ac\ud68c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \ud68c\uc808\ub418\uace0 \uc65c\uace1\ub418\ub294 \uc815\ub3c4\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c AI\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uac16\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8\ub294 \ub354 \uae4a\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc554\ud751\uae30\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc624\ub294 \uc874\uc7ac\ub294 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc65c\uace1\ub41c \ud569\ub9ac\uc131\uc758 \ud558\ub098\ub85c\uc368, \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc11c\uc220\ub420 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ub41c \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74 AI\ub294 \uc885\uc885\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ud658\uac01<\/em>\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \ub744\ub294 \uc9c4\ub9ac, \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc99d\uac70, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uaddc\ubc94\uc131, \ud569\ub9ac\uc131\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uccb4\uc81c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub3c4\ud45c \uc131\uba85\uc11c\ub294 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \uc81c\uc655(\uae30\uacc4\ud654\ub41c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc560\uad6d\uc801 \ud658\uc0c1, ‘\ub9c8\uc2a4\ud130 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998’\uacfc\u00a0\uc54c\ud30c\u00a0\uba38\uc2e0)\uc778 AI\uac00 \ubc8c\uac70\ubc97\uc740 \ubab8\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud45c\ud604\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5ec\ub2e4\ubcf4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\uc9c0\uc2dd\ud655\ub300\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc778 \uc740\uc720\uc758 \ubc1c\uba85\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec. Emanuele Tesauro, Il canocchiale aristotelico <\/em>[The Aristotelian Telescope], frontispiece of the 1670 edition, Turin.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc870\ub9bd\ub77c\uc778: \ub370\uc774\ud130, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998, \ubaa8\ud615<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\ub300\uc911\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \u201cAI\uc758 \uaca8\uc6b8\u201d\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\ub294 AI\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8, \uae30\uacc4\uace0\uc7a5, \ud559\ubb38\uc801 \ub17c\ub780, \uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc11c\uc0ac\uc2dc\uc801 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc774\ub2e4.[v]<\/sup><\/a> \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uae30\uc5c5\ud654\ub41c AI\uc758 \ud798\uc740 \u201c\ud751\ub9c8\uc220\u201d\uc774\ub098 \u201c\ucd08\uc778\uac04\uc801 \uc778\uc9c0\ub2a5\ub825\u201d\uc73c\ub85c \ubb18\uc0ac\ub418\uace4 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud604\uc7ac \uae30\uc220\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc774\ub2e4.[vi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0AI\ub294 \uc774\uc81c \ub9c9 \uc99d\uae30\uae30\uad00\uc744 \ubc1c\uba85\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc778\ub370, \uc774 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \uc791\ub3d9 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uace0 \uc870\uc808\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc5f4\uc5ed\ud559 \ubc95\uce59\uc774 \uc544\uc9c1 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc601\uc0c1\uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc778 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(neural network)\uc740 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc65c \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \uc798 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \ud639\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud06c\uac8c \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c\u00a0\uc124\uba85\ud558\ub294 \ud559\uc2b5<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\uc774\ub860\uc740 \uc5c6\ub2e4<\/em>.\u00a0\ub2e4\ub978 \ubc1c\uba85\ud488\ub4e4\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud328\ub7ec\ub2e4\uc784\ub3c4 \uc9c0\ub09c \ubc18\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc11c\uc11c\ud788 \uadf8 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \uacf5\uace0\ud558\uac8c \ud574\uc654\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub9c8\uc2a4\ud130 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \ud558\ub8fb\ubc24 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc624\ud788\ub824 \uacc4\uc0b0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uacf5\ud1b5\uc758 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uad50\uacfc\uc11c\uc5d0 \uc4f0\uc774\ub294 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc544\uc9c1 \ud1b5\uc77c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc77c\ubc18 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \uc815\uc758\ud558\ub294 \ud3b8\uc9d1\uc99d\uc801\uc778 \uac8c\uc784\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\ubc95\uc744 \uac04\uacb0\ud558\uace0 \uc811\uadfc\ud558\uae30 \uc26c\uc6b4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uadf8\ub9b4 \uac83\uc778\uac00?<\/p>\n

\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\uc11c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uad00\ucc30 \ub300\uc0c1(\ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b, training dataset<\/u><\/strong>), \uad00\ucc30 \uc218\ub2e8(\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998, learning algorithm<\/u><\/strong>), \ucd5c\uc885 \ud45c\ud604(\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615, statistical model<\/u><\/strong>)\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uc120\uc5b8\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\uc548\ud558\ub294 \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\ub77c\uace0 \uc774\ub984 \ubd99\uc5ec\uc9c4 \ub2e4\uc774\uc5b4\uadf8\ub7a8\uc740 \uc774 \uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9d1\ud569\uccb4\uc774\ub2e4.[vii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uad11\ud559 \ub9e4\uccb4\uc758 \ube44\uc720\ub97c \uacc4\uc18d\ud558\uc790\uba74, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc815\ubcf4 \ud750\ub984\uc740 \ud6c8\ub828 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ud22c\uc601\ub418\uace0, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc555\ucd95\ub418\uc5b4 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ub80c\uc988\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ud5a5\ud574 \ud68c\uc808\ub418\ub294 \ube5b\uc758 \uad11\uc120\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub2e4\uc774\uc5b4\uadf8\ub7a8\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uce21\uba74, \uc989\u00a0\uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd<\/u><\/strong>\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud558\uba70, \uc8fc\uc694 \uad6c\uc131 \uc694\uc18c\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud328\ub7ec\ub2e4\uc784\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \uc624\ub958, \ud55c\uacc4, \uadfc\uc0ac\uce58, \ud3b8\uacac, \uc624\ub958, \uc624\ub958 \ubc0f \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \ub098\uc5f4\ud55c\ub2e4.[viii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 AI\uac00 \ud569\ub9ac\uc131\uc758 \uc77c\uc6d0\uc801 \ud328\ub7ec\ub2e4\uc784\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uae30\uc220\uacfc \uc694\ub839\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac00\uc9dc \uac74\ucd95\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 AI\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uae30\uc220\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ubb3c\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub2e4\uc774\uc5b4\uadf8\ub7a8\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud544\uc218 \uad6c\uc131 \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \uc911\uc559\uc5d0,\u00a0\uc778\uac04 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uacfc \uac1c\uc785\uc744 \uc67c\ucabd\uc5d0,\u00a0\uae30\uc220\uc801 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uacfc \uc81c\uc57d\uc870\uac74\uc744 \uc624\ub978\ucabd\uc5d0 \ud45c\uc2dc\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uad11\ud559 \ub80c\uc988\ub294 \uc815\ubcf4 \ud750\ub984\uc758 \uc555\ucd95\uacfc \uc65c\uace1\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uacfc \uadfc\uc0ac\ub97c \uc0c1\uc9d5\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\ub80c\uc988\ub294\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ucd1d \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\uba70, \uc138\uacc4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc774 \ub80c\uc988\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud68c\uc808\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 AI\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc131\ubcc4, \uc778\uc885, \ub2a5\ub825, \uacc4\uce35 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc758 \uc99d\ud3ed\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2f4\ub860 \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc815\ubcf4 \ud750\ub984\uc758 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uac70 \ud3b8\ud5a5, \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b \ud3b8\ud5a5, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.[ix]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\u00a0<\/u><\/strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5<\/u><\/strong>(\ud639\uc740 \uc138\uacc4\ud3b8\ud5a5)\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \uac1c\uc785\ud558\uae30 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uba85\ubc31\ud558\uac8c \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc5d0 \uc21c\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uac83,\u00a0\uba85\ubc31\ud788 \uc911\ub9bd\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc554\ubb35\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub354\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub85c \ud574\ub86d\ub2e4.[x]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub8e8\ud558 \ubca4\uc790\ubbfc(Ruha Benjamin)\uc740 \ubbf8\uc178 \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub354(Michelle Alexander)\ub97c \uc758\uc5ed\ud558\uba70 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 ‘\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc9d0 \ucf54\ub4dc(New Jim Code)\u2019 -\uae30\uc874\uc758 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uace0 \uc7ac\uc0dd\uc0b0\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\uc804 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc774\uac70\ub098 \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud64d\ubcf4\ub418\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9-\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub800\ub2e4.[xi]<\/sup><\/a> \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b \ud3b8\ud5a5<\/u><\/strong>\uc740 \uc778\uac04 \uc6b4\uc601\uc790\uac00 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc900\ube44\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3c4\uc785\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ubbf8\ubb18\ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ub77c\ubca8\ub9c1(labeling)\uc778\ub370, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uad6c\uc2dd \ubc0f \ubcf4\uc218\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\ub958 \uccb4\uacc4\uac00 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5b4 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \uc65c\uace1\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc744 \uc798\ubabb \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uace0 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uacc4\uae09\ud654\ub97c \uc545\ud654\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4 (\uc544\ub798\uc758 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137(ImageNet) \uc0ac\ub840 \ucc38\uc870).<\/p>\n

\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \ud3b8\ud5a5<\/u><\/strong>(\uae30\uacc4 \ud3b8\ud5a5, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ud3b8\ud5a5, \ud639\uc740 \ubaa8\ud615 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud558\uba70, \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub2e4\uc774\uc5b4\uadf8\ub7a8\uc774 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud788 \uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc774\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.)\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uacfc\uac70 \ud3b8\ud5a5 \ubc0f \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc758 \ucd94\uac00\uc801\uc778 \uc99d\ud3ed\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774\u00a0\uc815\ubcf4\uc555\ucd95<\/u><\/strong>\uc5d0 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc778\ud558\uba70,\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \ud574\uc0c1\ub3c4 \uc800\ud558, \uc65c\uace1, \uc190\uc2e4 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a8\ub2e4.[xii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc608\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc801\uc740 \uc591\uc758 \uc790\uc6d0 \uc989, \uacf5\uac04, \uc2dc\uac04, \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \ubc0f \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc744 \uc18c\ube44\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc9e7\uc740 \uc218\uc758 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uace0\uc548\ub41c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc131\uaca9\uc758 \uc808\ucc28\uc600\ub2e4.[xiii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc5d0\ub3c4 AI \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uad70\ube44 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uac00\uc7a5 \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc815\ubcf4 \uc555\ucd95\uc774 \uae30\uc5c5 AI\uc758 \ucd5c\ub300 \uc218\uc775\ub960\uc744 \uc0b0\ucd9c\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc558\uc744\ub54c \uc774\ub294 \ucc28\ubcc4\uacfc \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc758 \uc0c1\uc2e4\uc744 \ub0b3\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

AI\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud30c\uc7a5\uc740 AI\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub110\ub9ac \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ud55c\ud3b8, AI\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294\u00a0\ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uc5ed\uc5f0\uc0b0\uc774 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud560 \uc815\ub3c4\ub85c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc2ec\ud558\uac8c \uac78\ub7ec\ub0b4\ub294 \uc2ec\uce35\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(deep neural network)\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c \ubb38\uc81c\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub294 AI \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ubd88\uac00\uc0ac\uc758\ud558\uace0 \ubd88\ud22c\uba85\ud560 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 ‘\uc774\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc874\uc7ac’\uc774\uba70 \ud1b5\uc81c \ubd88\ub2a5\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc758\uacac\uc744 \ub300\ud45c\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xiv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uac1c\ubc1c \ucd08\uae30 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uc7a5\uce58\uc758 \uc131\uc9c8 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4. (\uc774\ubbf8 \uc99d\uae30\uae30\uad00\uc758 \uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc131\uacf5\ud55c \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud55c\ub3d9\uc548 \ubbf8\uc2a4\ud130\ub9ac\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ud558\ub77c.)\u00a0\uc2e4\uc81c \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4 \uc218\uc0ac(rhetoric)\uc778\ub370, \uc774\ub294 AI\uac00 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4, \uc54c \uc218\ub3c4, \uc815\uce58\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc8fc\uc220\uc801 \uad8c\ub825\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc74c\ubaa8\ub860 \uc815\uc11c\uc640 \ubc00\uc811\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uad00\ub3fc \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. \uad50\uc721 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc9d1\ud569: \uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uae30\uc6d0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1990\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc778\ud130\ub137\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\uace0 2000\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc13c\ud130\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \ud655\ub300\ub41c \ub300\ub7c9 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138\ud654\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc0c1 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c \uc790\uc720\ub86d\uace0 \uaddc\uc81c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc790\uc6d0\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c0\uc2dd \ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758\u00a0\uccb4\uc81c(\ub2f9\uc2dc \ube45 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc9d0)\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc624\ud508 \uc18c\uc2a4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc744 \ucd94\ucd9c\ud558\ub294 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc778 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc810\ucc28\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc18c\ube44\uc790\uc758 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \uc608\uce21\ud558\uace0 \uad11\uace0\ub97c \ud310\ub9e4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ubaa9\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c0\uc2dd\uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc800\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\u00a0\uc778\uc9c0\uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\uc640\u00a0\uac10\uc2dc\uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub118\uccd0 \ud750\ub974\ub294 \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc815\ubcf4, \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc13c\ud130, \ub354 \ube60\ub978 \ub9c8\uc774\ud06c\ub85c\ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc11c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc555\ucd95 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 21\uc138\uae30\u00a0AI \ub3c5\uc8fc\uc758 \ud1a0\ub300\ub97c \ub9c8\ub828\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubb38\ud654\uc801, \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 AI\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130<\/u><\/strong>\uc758 \ud488\uc9c8\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774 \ucd94\ucd9c\ud558\ub294 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\ub97c \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uac00\uce58\uc640 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uadf8 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc778 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c, \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uac00\uce58\uc640 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \ubaa8\ud615\uc73c\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uc808\ub300 \ub0a0 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uba70, \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\uac70\ub098 \uc911\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. (\uc774\ubbf8 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 ‘\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc801’\uc774\ub2e4).[xvi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc870\uac01\ud558\uace0 \ud615\uc2dd\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uace0 \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uacf5\uc744 \ub4e4\uc5ec\uc57c \ud558\uace0 \uc138\uc2ec\ud55c \uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uc694\ud558\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc774\uba70, \ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc81c\uc5b4\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub4e4\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucd5c\uc885 \uacb0\uacfc\uc5d0 \ub354 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc18c\uc2a4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub2e4\ub978 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc18c\uc2a4\ub97c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub294 \ud589\uc704\ub294 ‘\uc778\uacf5\uc801’ \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uac1c\uc785\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc2ec\uc624\ud55c \ud45c\uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Data\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\u00a0\ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uad6c\uc870\uccb4<\/u><\/strong>\uc774\uba70 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc785\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ub418\ub294 \uc774\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc758 \ucd9c\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130(\ub808\uc774\ube14(label) \ud639\uc740 \uba54\ud0c0\ub370\uc774\ud130(metadata)\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud55c\ub2e4.)\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.[xvii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ubc15\ubb3c\uad00\uc758 \uc18c\uc7a5\ud488\uacfc \uc608\uc220\uc791\ud488\ub4e4\uc744 \uc800\uc790, \uc5f0\ub3c4, \ub9e4\uccb4 \ub4f1\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uba54\ud0c0\ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ud55c \uae30\ub85d\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc608\uac00 \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc0ac\uc9c4\uc5d0 \uc774\ub984\uc774\ub098 \ubc94\uc8fc\ub97c \uc9c0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uae30\ud638\ud559\uc801 \uacfc\uc815\uc740 \uacb0\ucf54 \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740\ub370, \uc774 \ud589\ub3d9\uc740 \uae30\uacc4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ucd5c\uc885 \uacb0\uacfc\uc5d0 \uc778\uac04\uc740 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uae4a\uc740 \uac01\uc778\uc744 \ub0a8\uae34\ub2e4. \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc740 \ubcf4\ud1b5 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc758 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub4e4\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4. 1) \uc0dd\uc0b0: \uc815\ubcf4\uac00 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub418\ub294 \ub178\ub3d9 \ub610\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1, 2) \ud3ec\ucc29: \uc7a5\uce58\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ud615\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubd80\ud638\ud654(encoding), 3) \ud3ec\ub9f7: \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131, 4) \ub77c\ubca8\ub9c1: (\uc9c0\ub3c4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0) \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubc94\uc8fc(\uba54\ud0c0\ub370\uc774\ud130)\uc5d0 \ub9de\uac8c \ubd84\ub958.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacf5\ud3c9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ucd95\uc801\ub41c \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc744 \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uac00\uacf5\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc774 \ud655\uc7a5\ub41c \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uc640 \ub17c\ub780\uc758 \uc18c\uc9c0\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ubd84\ub958\ubc95\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc624\ub79c \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc313\uc778 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9, \uac1c\uc778 \ub370\uc774\ud130, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.[xviii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc8fc\uc694 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b(MNIST, ImageNet, Labeled Face in the Wild \ub4f1)\uc740 \ubd81\ubc18\uad6c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uae30\uc5c5, \ub300\ud559 \ubc0f \uad70\uc0ac \uae30\uad00\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc880 \ub354 \uc8fc\uc758 \uae4a\uac8c \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uba74 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud558\uace0 \uac80\uc99d\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \ud06c\ub77c\uc6b0\ub4dc\uc18c\uc2f1 \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ubd81\ubc18\uad6c\uc640 \ub0a8\ubc18\uad6c\uc758 \uae34\ubc00\ud55c \ubd84\uc5c5\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.[xix]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137(ImageNet)\u00a0\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc758 \uc0ac\ub840\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 AI \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub300\ud45c\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc740\u00a0\ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c\uc368, \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd(image recognition) \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc0c1\uc758 \ud45c\uc900\uc774\ub2e4: \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c, \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd \ud601\uba85\uc740 2012\ub144 \uc54c\ub809\uc2a4 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc170\ud504\uc2a4\ud0a4(Alex Krizhevsky), \uc77c\ub9ac\uc57c \uc218\uce20\ucf00\ubc84(Ilya Sutskever), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc870\ud504\ub9ac \ud78c\ud2bc(Geoffrey Hinton)\uc774 \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc778 \uc54c\ub809\uc2a4\ub137\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ub9e4\ub144 \uc5f4\ub9ac\ub358 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137 \ucc4c\ub9b0\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6b0\uc2b9\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xx]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc740 2006\ub144\uc5d0 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559\uc790 \ud398\uc774\ud398\uc774 \ub9ac(Fei-Fei Li)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xxi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud398\uc774\ud398\uc774 \ub9ac\ub294 \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc9c1\uad00\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uccab\uc9f8, \ud50c\ub9ac\ucee4(Flickr)\uc640 \uad6c\uae00(Google)\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc6f9 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uac1c\uc758 \ubb34\ub8cc \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub458\uc9f8, \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ub2e8\uc5b4 \ubd84\ub958\uccb4\uacc4\uc778\u00a0\uc6cc\ub4dc\ub137(WordNet)\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \ub808\uc774\ube14 \ubd84\ub958\ub97c \uc124\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.[xxii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc14b\uc9f8, \ud06c\ub77c\uc6b0\ub4dc\uc18c\uc2f1 \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc778 \uc544\ub9c8\uc874 \uba54\uce74\ub2c8\uceec \ud130\ud06c(Amazon Mechanical Turk)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uc7a5\uc758 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \ub808\uc774\ube14\uc744 \ubd99\uc774\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uc544\uc6c3\uc18c\uc2f1\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud558\ub8e8\uc758 \ub05d(\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc870\ub9bd\ub77c\uc778\uc758 \ub05d)\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uad6c \uc804\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc628 \uc775\uba85\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc6cc\ub4dc\ub137 \ubd84\ub958\ubc95\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ubd84\ub2f9 \uc218\ubc31 \uc7a5\uc758 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc5d0 \ub77c\ubca8\uc744 \ubd99\uc774\uace0 \uc791\uc5c5\ub2f9 \uba87 \uc13c\ud2b8\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc740 \ub17c\ub780\uc758 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uad6c\uc870\uccb4\ub97c \uc124\uacc4\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\ub2e4.\u00a0AI \ud559\uc790\uc778 \ucf00\uc774\ud2b8 \ud06c\ub85c\ud3ec\ub4dc(Kate Crawford)\uc640 \uc608\uc220\uac00 \ud2b8\ub808\ubc84 \ud30c\uae00\ub80c(Trevor Paglen)\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc758 \ubd84\ub958\uccb4\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc885\ucc28\ubcc4\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uc131\ucc28\ubcc4\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \ud754\uc801\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\uc5ec \uacf5\uac1c\ud588\ub294\ub370, \ubc31 \uc5ec\uc7a5\uc758 \uc778\ubb3c \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 ‘\uc2e4\ud328\uc790, \ud328\ubc30\uc790, \uac00\ub9dd \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c, \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ubc94\uc8fc\uac00 \ubd99\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.[xxiii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

AI\uc758 \ud0d0\uc695\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ubb38\ud654\uc5d0 \uc608\uae30\uce58 \ubabb\ud55c \ud6c4\ud3ed\ud48d\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc654\ub2e4. 2000\ub144\ub300 \ucd08, \ub85c\ub80c\uc2a4 \ub808\uc2dc\uadf8(Lawrence Lessig)\ub294\u00a0\ud06c\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc774\ud2f0\ube0c \ucee4\uba3c\uc988(Creative Commons)<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\ub77c\uc774\uc120\uc2a4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc628\ub77c\uc778 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \uc800\uc7a5\uc18c\uac00 10\ub144 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc5bc\uad74 \uc778\uc2dd \uac10\uc2dc \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uaddc\uc81c\ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc608\uce21\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uc640 \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uac1c\uc778 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ubbfc\uc601\ud654\ub41c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc138\ud2b8\uc5d0 \ud22c\uba85\uc131 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uac00\ub418\ub294\ub370, 2019\ub144\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \uc608\uc220\uac00\uc774\uc790 AI \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\uc778 \uc544\ub2f4 \ud558\ube44(Adam Harvey)\uac00 \uc5bc\uad74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc5d0\uc11c \uac1c\uc778 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744 \ub3d9\uc758 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uacf5\uac1c\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud558\ube44\uc758 \uacf5\uac1c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc2a4\ud0e0\ud37c\ub4dc \ub300\ud559\uad50, \ub4c0\ud06c \ub300\ud559\uad50, \ub9c8\uc774\ud06c\ub85c\uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\ub294\u00a0\ud504\ub77c\uc774\ubc84\uc2dc \uce68\ud574 \uc2a4\uce94\ub4e4<\/u><\/strong>\uc774 \ubd88\uac70\uc9c0\uace0 \uc774\uc73d\uace0 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc744 \ucca0\ud68c\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc628\ub77c\uc778\uc5d0 \uacf5\uac1c\ub41c \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc740 \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uad00\uc774 \uae30\ubbfc\ud558\uac8c \ub300\ucc98\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub358 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc8fc\uad8c\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc \uad8c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec \uc77c\uc73c\ucf30\ub2e4. (\uc720\ub7fd \uc77c\ubc18 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubcf4\ud638 \uaddc\uc815(European General Data Protection Regulation) \ucc38\uc870).[xxv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a02012\ub144\uc774 \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd \ud601\uba85\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \ud574\uc600\ub2e4\uba74 2019\ub144\uc740 \uadf8 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774 \ucde8\uc57d\ud558\uace0 \ubd80\ud328\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1d\ud600\uc9c4 \ud574\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Combinatorial<\/p>\n

\uc870\ud569\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc591\uacfc \ucfe0\ud53d(Kufic) \ubb38\uc790, Topkapi scroll, ca. 1500, Iran.<\/em><\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 AI\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac<\/strong><\/h2>\n

(\uc801\uc5b4\ub3c4 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c) AI\uc758 \uc2e0\ube44\uc801 \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \uc81c\uac70\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uc131\uc740 \uae30\uc5c5 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc774\ud574\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud398\uc774\uc2a4\ubd81 AI\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc774\uc790 \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \ub300\ubd80\uc778 \uc580 \ub974\ucfe4\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 AI \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc740 \uace0\ub3c4\ud654\ub41c \ubc84\uc804\uc758 \uc778\uc9c0(cognition)\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uace0\ub3c4\ud654\ub41c \ubc84\uc804\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd(perception)\uc784\uc744 \uac70\ub4ed \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504 \ub3c4\ud45c\ub3c4 AI \ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4\uc758 \uace8\uaca9\uc744 \ub178\ucd9c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, AI\uac00 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uc790\ub3d9\uae30\uacc4(\uc624\ud1a0\ub9c8\ud1a4 Automaton)\uc774\u00a0\uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd<\/u><\/strong>\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc784\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc740 \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uc124\uba85\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub098\uc800\ub098 \ud328\ud134\uc774\ub780 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00?\u00a0\ud328\ud134\uc740 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \uc2e4\uccb4\uc778\uac00?\u00a0\uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \ud328\ud134\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc77d\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uc804\uccb4\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud558\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uc544\ub9c8 \uc544\ub2d0 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 AI\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac04\ub7b5\ud55c \uace0\uace0\ud559\uc5d0 \ucc29\uc218\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc88b\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \uc6d0\ud615\uc740 \ud504\ub7ad\ud06c \ub85c\uc820\ube14\ub78f(Frank Rosenblatt)\uc758\u00a0\ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860(Perceptron)\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a01957\ub144 \ub274\uc695 \uc8fc \ubc84\ud314\ub85c\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ucf54\ub12c \ud56d\uacf5 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c(cornell Aeronautical Laboratory)\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub984\uc740 ‘Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton’[xxvi]<\/sup><\/a>\uc758 \uc904\uc784\ub9d0\uc774\ub2e4. \ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860\uc740\u00a020×20\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc5f4\ub41c \uad11\uc218\uc6a9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc785\ub825\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544 \uac04\ub2e8\ud55c \ubb38\uc790\ub97c \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ubc30\uc6b8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ud328\ud134\uc740 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc5d0 \uc790\uadf9\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc785\ub825\ub418\uc5b4, \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud574\uc11c \uc785\ub825\ubc1b\uc740 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uc0ac\uc9c4\ub4e4\uc758 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544 \uc778\uacf5 \ub274\ub7f0\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0, \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ucd9c\ub825 \ub274\ub7f0\uc744 \ud65c\uc131\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ucd9c\ub825 \ub274\ub7f0\uc740 \uc9c0\uc815\ub41c \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uba74 1=\ucc38\uc73c\ub85c, \uc9c0\uc815\ub41c \uc601\uc0c1\uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74 0=\uac70\uc9d3\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ub294, \uacc4\uc0b0\uc801\uc778 \uc870\ub9bd \ub77c\uc778\uc744 \ub530\ub77c \ucc98\ub9ac\ub418\ub294 \ud53d\uc140\uc758 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ubabd\ud0c0\uc8fc\ub85c\uc11c, \uc6d0\ub798 \ub9e5\uceec\ub85d(McCulloch)\uacfc \ud53c\ud2b8(Pitt)\uc758 \uc778\uacf5 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \ub0b4\ud3ec\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xxvii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc77c\ub2e8 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774 ‘AI\uc758 \uaca8\uc6b8’\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc544 2000\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\uc5d0 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc774 \uc785\uc99d\ub418\uc790, \ube44\uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc801\uc6a9\ub418\uc5b4 \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300(\uc2dc\uac01\ub9cc\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc885\ub958\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0 \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd \uae30\ubc95\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9)\ub97c \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uac1c\uc2dc\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uc778\uc2dd\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ud328\ud134\uc740 \ub3c4\ub85c \uc8fc\ud589 \uc2dc \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc790\ub3d9\ubc88\uc5ed\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc778\uc2dd\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ud328\ud134\uc740 \uc774\uc911\uc5b8\uc5b4 \ud14d\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud754\ud55c \ub2e8\uc5b4 \ub098\uc5f4\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8 \ubcf5\uc7a1\uc131\uc5d0 \uad00\uacc4\uc5c6\uc774 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc218\uce58\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uba74 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0, \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784, \ud615\ud0dc, \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c, \uc724\ub9ac\uc801 \uacb0\uc815 \ub4f1\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud328\ud134\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7f0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc9c4\uc815 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud65c\uc6a9\ub418\ub294\u00a0\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uae30\ubc95<\/u><\/strong>\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec, \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\ub294 \ud559\uc2b5<\/u><\/strong>,\u00a0\ubd84\ub958<\/u><\/strong>, \uc608\uce21<\/u><\/strong>\uc758\u00a0\uc138\u00a0\uac00\uc9c0 \uc791\ub3d9\ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ub3d9\uc791\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc880 \ub354 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub85c, \uac01 \uc791\ub3d9\ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ud328\ud134 \ucd94\ucd9c, \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd, \ud328\ud134 \uc0dd\uc131\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub85c\uc820\ube14\ub78f\uc758 \ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uae38\uc744 \ub2e6\uc740 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0‘\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559’\uc774 \uc544\uc9c1 \uc815\uc758\ub85c \ucc44\ud0dd\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uc774 \ubd84\uc57c\ub294 ‘\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uae30\ud558\ud559’\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\ub838\uace0, \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ub85c\uc820\ube14\ub78f \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 ‘\uc5f0\uacb0\uc8fc\uc758(Connectionism)’\ub85c \ubd88\ub800\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub4e4 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \uc77c\uc774\ub780 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ucd94\ub860\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc774 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud328\ud134\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\u00a0\ud328\ud134\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\u00a0<\/u><\/strong>\ubd84\ud3ec<\/u><\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5(AI)\uc758 \uc778\uccb4\ubaa8\ud615 \ub9c8\ucf00\ud305\uc758 \ud45c\uba74\ub9cc \uae01\uc5b4\ub0b4\uba74 \uac80\uc0ac\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uae30\uc220\uc801, \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ub300\uc0c1\uc778\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615<\/u><\/strong>\uc744 \ucc3e\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00?\u00a0\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uacc4\uc0b0\ub418\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc778\uc9c0 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uc774\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc218\ud589\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ube44\uc2e0\uaca9\ud654 \uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294(\uc77c\ubd80 \uc21c\uc9c4\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5c6\uc560\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4) \uc9c4\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc778 ‘\uae30\uacc4\uac00 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?’\ub97c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub354 \uac74\uc804\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc778 ‘\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?’, ‘\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc758\uc2dd\uc744 \uac00\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?’ \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \uac1c\ud3b8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc88b\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. \ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998: \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc73c\ub85c \uc555\ucd95\ud55c\ub2e4<\/strong><\/h2>\n

AI\uc758 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \u2018\uc774\uc9c8\uc801\uc778\u2019 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \uc99d\ub958\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc5f0\uae08\uc220 \uae30\ubc95\uc744 \ub5a0\uc62c\ub9ac\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ud558\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uc77c\ubc18\uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5(AGI; Artificial General Intelligence)\uc758 \ucd94\uc885\uc790\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud574 \uad73\uc774 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\uac00 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\uc815\uc758 \uc774\ub984\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uae30\uacc4 \uacf5\uc815\uc758 \uc0b0\ubb3c\uc740 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615(\ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c ‘\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615’\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.)\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac1c\ubc1c\uc790 \ucee4\ubba4\ub2c8\ud2f0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 ‘\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uac00 \uc810\uc810 ‘\ubaa8\ud615’\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc801 \ud63c\ub780\uc740 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uacfc \ub530\ub85c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc5b4\uc9f8\uc11c\uc778\uc9c0, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 \ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218 \ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ubd84\uc0b0\ub41c \uae30\uc5b5\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac19\uc740 \uc774\uc720\ub85c, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ud568\uc218\ub97c \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \ub3c4\uc804\ud560 \uac00\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc5d0\ub294, \ub9ce\uc740\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc801 \uad6c\uc870<\/u><\/strong>(algorithm architecture)\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860, \uc2ec\uce35 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(deep neural network), \uc11c\ud3ec\ud2b8 \ubca1\ud130 \uba38\uc2e0(support vector machine), \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Bayesian network), \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\ud504 \uccb4\uc778(Markov chain), \uc624\ud1a0\uc778\ucf54\ub354(autoencoder), \ubcfc\uce20\ub9cc \uba38\uc2e0(Boltzmann machine) \ub4f1\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad6c\uc870\ub4e4\uc740 \uac01\uac01 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4(\ud754\ud788 \ubd81\ubc18\uad6c \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uad70\uc0ac \uae30\uad00\uacfc \uae30\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c \ub450\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4).\u00a0\uc778\uacf5 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ucef4\ud4e8\ud305 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc5ec \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uad6c\uc870\ub85c \uc9c4\ud654\ud558\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uac1c\uc758\u00a0\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218(parameter)\ub97c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uc801\uc740 \uc218\uc758\u00a0\ucd08\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218(hyperparameter)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc81c\uc5b4\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.[xxviii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uc801\uc740 \uc218\uc758 \ucd08\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4(\uacc4\uce35 \uc218, \uacc4\uce35\ub2f9 \ub274\ub7f0 \uc218, \uc5f0\uacb0 \uc720\ud615, \ub274\ub7f0\uc758 \ud589\ub3d9 \ub4f1)\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub418\ub294\ub370, \ucd08\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ucc9c \uac1c\uc758 \uc778\uacf5 \ub274\ub7f0\ub4e4\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uadf8 \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uac1c\uc758 \ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \ube48 \uc11c\ud310\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc5ec \ud559\uc2b5 \ub610\ub294 ‘\ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ud559\uc2b5’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc785\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc798 \ud45c\ud604\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \uc870\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf8 \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \uac1c\uc758 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \uc5f0\uc0b0\uc740 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\ub41c \uacbd\uc6b0 1=\ucc38, \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0 0=\uac70\uc9d3\uc758 \uac12\uc744 \uac16\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc774\uc9c4(binary)\uac12\uc744 \ucd9c\ub825\ud55c\ub2e4.[xxix]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"Source:<\/p>\n

Peceptron \ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860
\nFeed Forward \uc21c\ubc29\ud5a5(feed forward)
\nRadial basis network \ubc29\uc0ac\ud615 \uae30\uc800\ud568\uc218 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Radial basis network)
\nDeep feed forward \uc2ec\uce35 \uc21c\ubc29\ud5a5(Deep feed forward)
\nRecurrent Neural Network \uc7ac\uadc0 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(Recurrent Neural Network)
\nSupport Vector Machines \uc11c\ud3ec\ud2b8 \ubca1\ud130 \uba38\uc2e0(Support Vector Machines)
\nAutoencoder \uc624\ud1a0\uc778\ucf54\ub354(autoencoder)
\nVariational AE \ubcc0\ubd84 \uc624\ud1a0\uc778\ucf54\ub354(Variational AE)
\nSparse AE \ud76c\uc18c \uc624\ud1a0\uc778\ucf54\ub354(Sparse AE)
\nMarkov Chain \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\ud504 \uccb4\uc778(Markov Chain)
\nHopfield Network \ud649\ud544\ub4dc \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Hopfield Network)
\nBoltzmann Machine \ubcfc\uce20\ub9cc \uba38\uc2e0(Boltzmann Machine)
\nRestricted BM \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \ubcfc\uce20\ub9cc \uba38\uc2e0(Restricted Boltzmann Machine)
\nDeep belief network \uc2ec\uce35 \ubbff\uc74c \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Deep belief network)
\nGenerative Adversarial Network \uc0dd\uc131 \uc801\ub300 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(Generative Adversarial Network)
\nDeconvolutional Network \ub514\ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Deconvolutional Network)
\nDeep Convolutional Inverse Graphics Network \uc2ec\uce35 \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc5ed \uadf8\ub798\ud53d \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Deep Convolutional Inverse Graphics Network)
\nEcho State Network \ubc18\ud5a5 \uc0c1\ud0dc \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Echo State Network)
\nNeural Turing Machine \uc2e0\uacbd \ud29c\ub9c1 \uae30\uacc4(Neural Turing Machine)
\nDeep Residual Network \uc2ec\uce35 \uc794\ucc28 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Deep Residual Network)
\nKohonen Network \ucf54\ud638\ub128 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(Kohonen Network)
\n\ucd9c\ucc98:\u00a0www.asimovinstitute.org\/neural-network-zoo<\/a><\/h4>\n

\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uacfc \ubaa8\ud615 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc26c\uc6b4 \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uc778\uc149\uc158v3 (Inception v3) \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uae30\ub85c \ud558\uc790. \uc774\ub294 \uad6c\uae00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc124\uacc4\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc2ec\uce35 \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uc149\uc158v3\ub294 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc758 \ub77c\ubca8\uc744 \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c 78%\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ub3c4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 ‘\uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ud06c\uae30\uc640 \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998(\ub610\ub294 \ubaa8\ud615) \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ube44\uc728\ub85c\ub3c4 \uce21\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc5d0\ub294 \uc57d 1400\ub9cc \uac1c\uc758 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uac00 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \uc57d 150\uae30\uac00\ubc14\uc774\ud2b8\uc758 \uba54\ubaa8\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubc18\uba74 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub3c4\ub85d \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 Inception v3\uc740 92\uba54\uac00\ubc14\uc774\ud2b8\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \ubaa8\ud615 \uac04\uc758 \uc555\ucd95 \ube44\uc728\uc740 \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \ud68c\uc808 \ube44\uc728\uc744 \ubd80\ubd84\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0Keras[xxx]<\/sup><\/a> \ubb38\uc11c\uc758 \ud45c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac12(\ub9e4\uac1c \ubcc0\uc218 \uc218, \uacc4\uce35 \uae4a\uc774, \ud30c\uc77c \ud06c\uae30 \ubc0f \uc815\ud655\ub3c4)\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud55c\ub2e4.[xxxi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec \uc8fc\ub294 \uc794\uc778\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\uba70, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc774 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc790 \ucee4\ubba4\ub2c8\ud2f0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uce21\uc815\ub418\uace0 \ud3c9\uac00\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uac1c\ubcc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc124\uba85\uc11c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\ubaa8\ud615<\/td>\n\ud06c\uae30<\/td>\nTop-1 \uc815\ud655\ub3c4<\/td>\nTop-5 \uc815\ud655\ub3c4<\/td>\n\ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130<\/td>\n\uae4a\uc774<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Xception<\/td>\n88MB<\/td>\n0.790<\/td>\n0.945<\/td>\n22,910,480<\/td>\n126<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VGG16<\/td>\n528MB<\/td>\n0.713<\/td>\n0.901<\/td>\n138,357,544<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VGG19<\/td>\n549 MB<\/td>\n0.713<\/td>\n0.900<\/td>\n143,667,240<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet50<\/td>\n98MB<\/td>\n0.749<\/td>\n0.921<\/td>\n25,636,712<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet101<\/td>\n171MB<\/td>\n0.764<\/td>\n0.928<\/td>\n44,707,176<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet152<\/td>\n232MB<\/td>\n0.766<\/td>\n0.931<\/td>\n60,419,944<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet50V2<\/td>\n98MB<\/td>\n0.760<\/td>\n0.930<\/td>\n25,613,800<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet101V2<\/td>\n171MB<\/td>\n0.772<\/td>\n0.938<\/td>\n44,675,560<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ResNet152V2<\/td>\n232MB<\/td>\n0.780<\/td>\n0.942<\/td>\n60,380,648<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
InceptionV3<\/td>\n92MB<\/td>\n0.779<\/td>\n0.937<\/td>\n23,851,784<\/td>\n159<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
InceptionResNetV2<\/td>\n215MB<\/td>\n0.803<\/td>\n0.953<\/td>\n55,873,736<\/td>\n572<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MobileNet<\/td>\n16MB<\/td>\n0.704<\/td>\n0.895<\/td>\n4,253,864<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MobileNetV2<\/td>\n14MB<\/td>\n0.713<\/td>\n0.901<\/td>\n3,538,984<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DenseNet121<\/td>\n33MB<\/td>\n0.750<\/td>\n0.923<\/td>\n8,062,504<\/td>\n121<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DenseNet169<\/td>\n57MB<\/td>\n0.762<\/td>\n0.932<\/td>\n14,307,880<\/td>\n169<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DenseNet201<\/td>\n80MB<\/td>\n0.773<\/td>\n0.936<\/td>\n20,242,984<\/td>\n201<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NASNetMobile<\/td>\n23MB<\/td>\n0.744<\/td>\n0.919<\/td>\n5,326,716<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NASNetLarge<\/td>\n343MB<\/td>\n0.825<\/td>\n0.960<\/td>\n88,949,818<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\ucd9c\ucc98: keras.io\/applications<\/a><\/h4>\n

\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ubb38\ud654\uc640 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ucd9c\ud604\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4: \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubc29\ubc95\uc77c \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub808\ud0c0 \ud230\ubca0\ub9ac(Greta Thunberg)\uac00 ‘\uacfc\ud559\uc5d0 \uadc0\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc5ec\ub77c’\uace0 \uacbd\uace0\ud560 \ub54c, \uadf8\ub140\uac00 \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub85c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc11c ‘\uae30\ud6c4\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uadc0\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc5ec\ub77c ‘\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74, \uae30\ud6c4 \uacfc\ud559\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4: \uae30\ud6c4 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74, \uae30\ud6c4\uc6b4\ub3d9(climate activism)\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\ud6c4 \uacfc\ud559\uc740 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ucd9c\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \uc88b\uc740 \uc608\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c0\uad6c \uc628\ub09c\ud654\ub294, \uccab\uc9f8, \uc9c0\uad6c\uc758 \ud45c\uba74\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5f0\uc911 \ub9e4\uc77c \uae30\uc628\uc758 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\ub97c \uc218\uc9d1\ud558\uace0, \ub458\uc9f8, \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uae30\uc628 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc758 \uace1\uc120\uc744 \uadf8\ub824\uc11c \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ud22c\uc601\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacc4\uc0b0\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xxxii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uae30\ud6c4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\uc758\u00a0\uacfc\ud559\uacc4<\/strong> \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\ud5d8\ub418\uace0 \ud1a0\ub860\ub418\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uc778\uacf5\ubb3c\uc774\ub2e4.[xxxiii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ubd88\ud22c\uba85\ud558\uace0, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774 \uc811\uadfc\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\uc758 \uc2e0\ud654\ud654\uc758 \uc815\ub3c4\uc640 \uadf8 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uad6c\uc870\uccb4\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc131\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud560 \ub54c, AI\ub294\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4 \uacfc\ud559\u00a0<\/em>\uc18c\uc124<\/em>\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\ub97c \uc5f4\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\ub294 \uc774 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ud1b5\uacc4 \uc601\ud654\uc758 \uc601\uc0ac\uccb4\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6. \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud2c0\ub838\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \uc720\uc6a9\ud558\ub2e4<\/strong><\/h2>\n

‘\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud2c0\ub838\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 \uc720\uc6a9\ud558\ub2e4’ \u2014 \uc601\uad6d \ud1b5\uacc4\ud559\uc790 \uc870\uc9c0 \ubc15\uc2a4(George Box)\uc758 \uaddc\ubc94\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc220\uc740 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc640 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \uc694\uc57d\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4.[xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774 \uaca9\uc5b8\uc740 \uae30\uc5c5\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc758 AI\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc744 \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc885\uc885 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ucd94\uc0c1\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc5b4\ub9bc\ud558\ub294 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uae30\uacc4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uc5b4\ub9bc\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ubb34\uc2a8 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 ‘\uc9c0\ub3c4\ub294 \uc601\ud1a0\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4’\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc218\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc18\ubcf5\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \ub9d0\uc740 \ud0c0\ub2f9\ud55c \uac83 \uac19\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc758 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 AI\uac00 \uadf8 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc555\ucd95\ub418\uace0 \uc65c\uace1\ub41c \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc774\uba70, \uc774 \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ucc98\ub7fc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ud611\uc0c1\uc5d0\uac8c \uac1c\ubc29\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\ub294 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc758 \uc811\uadfc\uacfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc758 \ub3d9\uc758\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc601\ud1a0\uc758 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4.[xxxv]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc9c0\ub3c4\ub97c \uadf8\ub9ac\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd(\uc778\uc2dd \ub178\ub3d9<\/strong>\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c\uc11c, \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc131\ubb38\ud654\ub418\uace0 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.)[xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a>\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\ub840\ub97c \uc9c1\uc2dc\ud574 \ubcf4\uc790.\u00a0\ubd84\ub958\ud560 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \uc9c0\uc815\ud558\uba74 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \ubb3c\uccb4\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uc120\uc744 \uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \ud53d\uc140\ub4e4\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2f8\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ubc1d\uc740 \ud53d\uc140\ub4e4(\uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uac01 \ud328\ud134)\uc758 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub85c\uc11c \uac10\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub974\uace0, \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc778\uc9c0\ucc98\ub7fc \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba70, \ud53d\uc140, \ubc1d\uae30 \ubc0f \uadfc\uc811\uc131\uc758 \uc218\uce58\ub9cc \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \uac00\uc7a5\uc790\ub9ac\ub9cc \uae30\ub85d\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub798\ubc0d\ub418\uc5b4\u00a0\uc788\uc73c\uba70(\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \ud328\ud134\uc5d0 \uc801\ud569(fit)\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d), \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0 \uc804\uccb4\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud53d\uc140\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4(\uacfc\uc801\ud569(overfitting)\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ud0ac \uac83\uc774\uace0 \uc804\uccb4 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\ub294 \uc148\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4).\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ud328\ud134\ub9cc \uc6b0\uc544\ud558\uac8c\u00a0\uc801\ud569<\/strong>(fit)\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ud328\ud134\uc744 ‘\uc57c\uc0dd’\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc801\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \ub54c \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub108\ubb34 \uc798 \ud559\uc2b5\ud558\uba74 \uc6d0\ub798 \ud328\ud134\uacfc \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uc77c\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\ub9cc \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uba70, \uc720\uc0ac\uc131\uc774 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 ‘\uc57c\uc0dd’\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4\u00a0\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83(\uc7a1\uc74c\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568)\uc744 \uaf3c\uaf3c\ud558\uac8c \ud559\uc2b5\ud588\uace0, \ud328\ud134\uacfc \ubc30\uacbd\uc744 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uacfc\uc801\ud569<\/strong>\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubc18\uba74, \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c \uc758\ubbf8 \uc788\ub294 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ud0d0\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c\u00a0\uacfc\uc18c\uc801\ud569(underfitting)<\/strong>\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uacfc\uc801\ud569\uacfc \uacfc\uc18c\uc801\ud569\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc740\u00a0\uc88c\ud45c\ud3c9\uba74 \uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Approximation\"<\/p>\n

Model fitting \ubaa8\ud615 \uc801\ud569
\nApproximation \uadfc\uc0ac
\nInterpolation and Extrapolation \ub0b4\uc0bd \ubc0f \uc678\uc0bd
\nFitting \uc801\ud569
\nOverfitting \uacfc\uc801\ud569
\nUnderfitting \uacfc\uc18c\uc801\ud569
\nStatistical anomaly \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc774\uc0c1\uce58<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc815\ud655\uc131\uc744 \uc218\ud638\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc81c\ub294 \uacfc\uc801\ud569\uacfc \uacfc\uc18c\uc801\ud569 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ud3c9\ud615\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ub824\uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc77c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 ‘AI’\ub9cc\ud07c\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub97c \uc778\ub958\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc774\ub2e4: \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\u00a0\uc544\ubb34\uac83\ub3c4 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc9c0\u00a0<\/em>\ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4<\/em>; \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc218\uce58\uac12\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\uace0, \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc774\ud574\ub97c \uadfc\uc0ac\ud588\uae30\ub97c \uae30\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ud568\uc218\ub97c \ub04c\uc5b4\ub0b8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7f0 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ube5b\uc744 \ub358\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uadf8\ub798\ud504\uc758 \ube60\uc9c4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ucd94\uce21\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uadfc\uc0ac\ubc95(approximation)\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4: \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc5d0\uc11c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc785\ub825\u00a0x\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd9c\ub825\u00a0y\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294\u00a0\ub0b4\uc0bd(interpolation)\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc785\ub825 x\uc758 \ubc94\uc704\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c y\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294, \ubd80\uc815\ud655\ud560 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ub354 \ub192\uc740\u00a0\uc678\uc0bd(extrapolation)\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uae30\uacc4\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc740 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c \ube44\uc120\ud615 \ud568\uc218\ub97c \ucd94\ub860\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub304 \ub9e5\ud03c\ub9ac\uc5b8(Dan McQuillian)\uc774 \uc801\uc808\ud558\uac8c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub4ef\uc774 ‘\uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 \uc5c6\uace0, \ub610\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5\ub3c4 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4, \ube44\ub85d \uae30\uc220\uba85\uce6d\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654 \ubb38\uc81c(mathematical minimization)\uc774\ub2e4.’[xxxvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 ‘\uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubd84\uc11d\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uacf5\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c,\u00a0\ube0c\ub8e8\ud2b8 \ud3ec\uc2a4 \uadfc\uc0ac(brute force approximation)<\/strong>\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998[xxxviii]<\/sup><\/a>\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc784\uc744 \uc0c1\uae30\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc785\ub825\u00a0x\uc640 \ucd9c\ub825\u00a0y\u00a0\uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc0c1\uad00(correlation) \ud568\uc218 \ubaa8\uc591\uc740 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\ub8e8\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc801 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\uc529 \uac70\uccd0\uc11c \uc870\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \uc870\uc815 \uacfc\uc815(\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uacbd\uc0ac\ud558\uac15\ubc95(gradient descent))\uc740 \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20\uc640 \ub274\ud134(Newton)\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84\ubc95\uacfc \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc778 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubbf8\ubd84\ubc95\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uba74 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \ub274\ub7f0\ub4e4\uc758 \uce35\uacfc \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \ucef4\ud4e8\ud305 \uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud568\uc218\ub77c\ub3c4 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.[xxxix]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud568\uc218\uc758 \ube0c\ub8e8\ud2b8 \ud3ec\uc2a4 \uadfc\uc0ac\ub294 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc758 AI\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uadf8 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uacfc \ud55c\uacc4, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\ub294 \ud0c4\uc18c \ubc1c\uc790\uad6d\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4(\uc2ec\uce35 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \ud6c8\ub828\uc740 \uacbd\uc0ac\ud558\uac15\ubc95 \ubc0f \uadf8\uc640 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ud6c8\ub828 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\ub4e4 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud130\ubb34\ub2c8\uc5c6\uc774 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc591\uc758 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\ub97c \ud544\uc694\ub85c \ud55c\ub2e4).[xl]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7. \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubca1\ud130\ub85c<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc801\ud569, \uacfc\uc801\ud569, \uacfc\uc18c\uc801\ud569, \ub0b4\uc0bd \ubc0f \uc678\uc0bd\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc740 2\ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc27d\uac8c \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ub300\uac1c \ub2e4\ucc28\uc6d0\uc801 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \uc791\ub3d9\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uacfc\ub294 \uac70\ub9ac\uac00 \uba3c\u00a0\ub2e4\ucc28\uc6d0\u00a0\ubca1\ud130\u00a0\uacf5\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ucf54\ub529\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc774\ub780 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774\uba70 \uc65c \ub2e4\ucc28\uc6d0\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uac04\uc778\uac00?\u00a0 \uce74\ub3c8(Cardon), \ucf74\ud14c(Coitet) \ubc0f \ub9c8\uc9c0(Mazie\u0300re)\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ubca1\ud130\ud654(vectorialisation)\ub97c \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uae30\uc758 \uc785\ub825\uc774 \ubca1\ud130\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \uac16\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \uc21c\uc218\ud558\uac8c \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ubca1\ud130 \ud45c\uc0c1(vectorial representation) \ud615\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ub9ac \ubd80\ud638\ud654\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc0ac\uc9c4\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815 \ubb3c\uccb4\ub294 \ubca1\ud130\ub85c \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \ubd84\ud574\ub418\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb3c\uccb4\ub294 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0 \uc2ec\uc5b4\uc9c8(embed) \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud14d\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \uc6d0\ud615\uc801\uc778 \uc608\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc5d0 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc785\ub825\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\u00a0\ub2e8\uc5b42\ubca1\ud130(word2vec)\u00a0\uae30\ubc95\uc740 \ub9d0\ubb49\uce58(corpus)\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc640\uc758 \uac70\ub9ac\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \u2018\uc2ec\ub294\ub2e4\u2019.\u00a0\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub294 \uc218\ubc31 \uac1c\uc758 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uacf5\uac04 \ub0b4\uc758 \ud55c \uc810\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubca1\ud130 \ud45c\uc0c1\uc758 \uc7a5\uc810\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ud658\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc81c\uacf5\ub418\ub294 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \uc704\uce58\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \uac00\uae4c\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \ub450 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uac00\uae5d\ub2e4; \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud45c\uc0c1\uc744 \ubd84\uc0b0\ub41c \ud45c\uc0c1(distributed representation)\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4: ‘\uc544\ud30c\ud2b8’ \uac1c\ub150\uc758 \ubca1\ud130[-0.2, 0.3, -4.2, 5.1…]\ub294 ‘\uc9d1’\uc758 \uac83\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4[-0.2, 0.3, -4.0, 5.1…].\u00a0[\u2026] \uc790\uc5f0\uc5b8\uc5b4 \ucc98\ub9ac\uac00 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc758 \uc784\ubca0\ub529(embedding)\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc120\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548, \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc784\ubca0\ub529 \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc774 \uc810\ucc28\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc751\uc6a9 \ubd84\uc57c\ub85c \uc77c\ubc18\ud654\ub418\uc5b4 \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\uaca9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4: \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub294\u00a0\uadf8\ub798\ud5042\ubca1\ud130, \ubb38\uc11c\ub294\u00a0\ubb38\ub2e82\ubca1\ud130, \uc601\ud654\ub294 \ub3d9\uc601\uc0c12\ubca1\ud130, \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc758 \uc758\ubbf8\ub294 \uc758\ubbf82\ubca1\ud130, \ubd84\uc790\ub294 \ubd84\uc7902\ubca1\ud130 \ub4f1\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc580 \ub974\ucfe4(Yann LeCun)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc5f0\uacb0\uc8fc\uc758 \uae30\uacc4 \uc124\uacc4\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubca1\ud130(World2vec)[xli]<\/sup><\/a>\uc5d0 \ub123\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub2e4\ucc28\uc6d0 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04<\/strong>\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uac00 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\uc720\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc740 \uce5c\uc219\ud574\uc9c8 \ub9cc\ud55c \uac00\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud2b9\ud788 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc778\ubb38\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc801 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774 \ub208\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0 \ucc98\ub9ac\ub418\ub294 \ubca1\ud130\ud654 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc70c\ub9ac\uc5c4 \uae41\uc2a8(William Gibson)\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\uc2a4\ud398\uc774\uc2a4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc6d0\ub798 \uc815\uc758\ub294 \uac00\uc0c1 \ud604\uc2e4\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc758 \ucd9c\ud604\uc744 \uc608\uc5b8\ud588\ub2e4: ‘\uc778\uac04 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc758 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ucd94\uc0c1\ud654\ub41c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uadf8\ub798\ud53d \ud45c\ud604.\u00a0\uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \uc218\uc870\ucc28 \uc5c6\ub294 \ubcf5\uc7a1\uc131.\u00a0\uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \ube44\uacf5\uac04(nonspace), \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc131\ub2e8\uacfc \uad70\uc9d1\uc744 \uac00\ub85c\uc9c0\ub974\ub294 \ube5b\uc758 \uc120. \ub3c4\uc2dc\uc758 \ubd88\ube5b\ucc98\ub7fc \uc0ac\uadf8\ub77c\uc9c0\ub294.’[xlii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Statua<\/p>\n

\uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \ub9e5\ub77d\uacfc \uc77c\uacf1 \uac1c\uc758 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04.[xliii]<\/sup><\/a><\/h4>\n

\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc218\ud559\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uacf5\uc608\uc640 \ub354 \ub2ee\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uac15\uc870\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2e0\ube44\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc774\ub77c\uae30 \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ud574\ud0b9\uacfc \uc18d\uc784\uc218\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc815\ubcf4 \uc555\ucd95\uc758 \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0 \uae30\uc220\uc740\u00a0\ucc28\uc6d0\u00a0<\/strong>\ucd95\uc18c(dimensionality reduction)<\/strong>\uc778\ub370, \ucc28\uc6d0 \ucd95\uc18c\ub294 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \uc800\uc8fc(Curse of Dimensionality)\ub97c \ud53c\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4. \ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \uc800\uc8fc\ub780 \uace0\ucc28\uc6d0 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc694\uc18c\uac00 \uc9c0\uc218\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucee4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ucc28\uc6d0 \ucd95\uc18c \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uc5d0\uc11c \ub0ae\uc740 \ubd84\uc0b0\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294(\uc989, \uac12\uc774 \uc870\uae08\ub9cc \ubcc0\ub3d9\ud558\ub294) \ucc28\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc744 \ud569\uccd0\uc11c \uacc4\uc0b0 \ube44\uc6a9\uc744 \uc808\uac10\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ucc28\uc6d0 \ucd95\uc18c\ub294 (\ub2e8\uc5b42\ubca1\ud130 \ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uac19\uc740) \ub2e8\uc5b4 \uc758\ubbf8\ub4e4\uc744 \uad70\uc9d1\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc,\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc758 \ud45c\ud604\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce60 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubc94\uc8fc\uc758 \ucd95\uc18c(Category reduction)<\/strong>\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ucc28\uc6d0 \ucd95\uc18c\ub294 \ubd84\ub958\uccb4\uacc4\ub97c \ucd95\uc18c\ud558\uace0 \ud3b8\uacac\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\uc5ec \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc744 \ub354\uc6b1 \uaddc\ubc94\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \uc815\uccb4\uc131\ub4e4\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6cc\ubc84\ub9b4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.[xliv]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"Dimensions\"<\/p>\n

4-dimension 4\ucc28\uc6d0
\n3-dimension 3\ucc28\uc6d0
\n2-dimension 2\ucc28\uc6d0 \ubca1\ud130\uacf5\uac04<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

8. \ubd84\ub958\uc640 \uc608\uce21 \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc751\uc6a9\uc758 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \ubd84\ub958(classification)\uc640 \uc608\uce21(prediction)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd(modality)\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ud1b5\uc81c\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc640 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc9c0\ubc30\uc758 \uc724\uacfd\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubd84\ub958\ub294\u00a0\ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba70,\u00a0\uc608\uce21\uc740\u00a0\ud328\ud134 \uc0dd\uc131\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud328\ud134\uc740 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\ubd80\uc5d0 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc694\uccad\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc0dd\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\u00a0\ubd84\ub958<\/strong>\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\ud638, \ubb3c\uccb4 \ub610\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0 \ubd84\ub958\ubc95\uc774\ub098 \ubb38\ud654 \uaddc\uc57d\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uadf8\uc5d0 \uc0c1\uc751\ud558\ub294 \ubc94\uc8fc(\ub77c\ubca8)\ub97c \ud560\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc785\ub825 \ud30c\uc77c(\uc608: \uac10\uc2dc \uce74\uba54\ub77c\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ucc29\ub41c \uc5bc\uad74)\uc740 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ucc98\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubd84\ud3ec \uc548\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub9cc\uc57d \uc18d\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \ucd9c\ub825 \ub77c\ubca8\uc774 \ud560\ub2f9\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud37c\uc149\ud2b8\ub860 \uc2dc\ub300\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\ub958\ub294 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc801 \uc751\uc6a9\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4: \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc740 \uacbd\ucc30\ub825\uacfc \uc2a4\ub9c8\ud2b8\ud3f0 \uc81c\uc870\uc0ac\uac00 \ubc30\uce58\ud55c \uc5bc\uad74 \uc778\uc2dd \ubd84\ub958\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub514\uc11c\ub098 \ucc3e\uc544\ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\u00a0\uc608\uce21<\/strong>\uc740 \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \ucd94\uc138\uc640 \uac70\ub3d9\uc744 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc0ac\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc989, \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub9cc \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc744 \ub54c \uc804\uccb4 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc644\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\uce21\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc791\uc740 \uc785\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0d8\ud50c(\ud504\ub77c\uc774\uba38(primer))\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \ubaa8\ud615(\uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubbf8\ub798 \ud639\uc740 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774\ub098 \uc74c\uc131 \ud30c\uc77c\uc758 \ub204\ub77d\ub41c \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\ub294 \uc218\uce58 \uadf8\ub798\ud504\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.)\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \ub204\ub77d\ub41c \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uc608\uce21\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788\ub3c4, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\ub3c4 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4: \uc7a0\uc7ac \uacf5\uac04 \ud0d0\uc0c9(latent space exploration)\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub3d9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc751\uc6a9 \uc0ac\ub840\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud328\ud134 \ud0d0\uc0c9(pattern exploration)\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ubd88\ub9b0\ub2e4.[xlv]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ubd84\ub958\uc640 \uc608\uce21\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc5ec \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uac10\uc2dc\uc640 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28\uc640 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc6a9 \ub85c\ubd07\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc7a5\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc774 \ud1b5\ud569\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589 \ucc28\ub7c9\uc740 \ub3c4\ub85c \uc704\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb3c\uccb4(\uc0ac\ub78c, \uc790\ub3d9\ucc28, \uc7a5\uc560\ubb3c, \ud45c\uc9c0\ud310)\ub97c \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0, \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uac04 \uc6b4\uc804\uc790\uac00 \ub0b4\ub9b0 \uacb0\uc815\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ud5a5\ud6c4 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294 \ud6c8\ub828\uc744 \ubc1b\ub294\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub3c4\ub85c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a5\uc560\ubb3c\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc911\ub9bd\uc801\uc778 \uc81c\uc2a4\ucc98\ub85c \ubcf4\uc77c\uc9c0\ub77c\ub3c4(\uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4), \uc131\ubcc4, \uc778\uc885, \uacc4\uce35\uc758 \ubc94\uc8fc(\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 COVID-19 \ub300\uc720\ud589 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \uc544\ud508 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \uba74\uc5ed\ub41c \uc0ac\ub78c)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc778\uac04\uc744 \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uad6d\uac00 \uae30\uad00\ub4e4\uc774 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub4ef\uc774 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud1b5\uc81c \uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \uc81c\uc2a4\ucc98\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc790\ub3d9 \ubd84\ub958\uc758 \uc790\ub9cc\uc2ec\uc740, \uc9c0\ub098\uac04 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub85c \ub0a8\uc558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\ub358 \ubc18\ub3d9 \ub86c\ube0c\ub85c\uc2dc\uc548(Lombrosian) \uae30\ubc95, \uc790\ub3d9 \uc131\ubcc4 \uc778\uc2dd(Automatic Gender Recognition (AGR), ‘\uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774\ub098 \ube44\ub514\uc624\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uac1c\uc778\uc758 \uc131\ubcc4\uc744 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2dd\ubcc4\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \uc548\uba74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ud558\uc704 \ubd84\uc57c’[xlvi]<\/sup><\/a>)\u00a0\ub4f1\uc758 \uae30\ubc95\uc774 \ubd80\ud65c\ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Modes\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\ucd5c\uadfc\uc5d0\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc0dd\uc131\uc801 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc774 \ubb38\ud654\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \uc778\uacf5\ubb3c \uc81c\uc791\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c \uac83\uc774 \ub300\uc911\ub9e4\uccb4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 ‘\ucc3d\uc758\uc801’\uc774\uba70 \uc790\uc728\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc608\uc220\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\uc220\uc791\ud488\uc744 AI\uac00 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud55c \uc778\uac04 \uc6b4\uc601\uc790\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub97c \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \uac10\ucd98\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \ubd84\ub958 \ud6c8\ub828\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \ud6c4 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\u00a0\uc5ed\ubc29\ud5a5(\ub354 \uc791\uc740 \ucd9c\ub825\uce35\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \ud070 \uc785\ub825\uce35\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9)\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud589\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc0dd\uc131\ud615 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc740 \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc720\uc6a9\ud55c \uc751\uc6a9\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc989, \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 ‘\uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubcf4\ub294\uac00’\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \ubc1d\ud788\ub294 \uc77c\uc885\uc758 \ud604\uc2e4\uc131 \uac80\uc0ac\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud574 \ub3c4\ub85c \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud22c\uc601\ub418\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c ‘\uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\ub294\uc9c0’ \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uad6c\uae00 \ub525\ub4dc\ub9bc(DeepDream)\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub525\ub4dc\ub9bc\uc740 \uc778\uc149\uc158 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c(\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c)\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc73c\ub85c, \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub974 \ubaa8\ub974\ub4dc\ube48\uccb4\ud504(Alexander Mordvintsev)\uac00 \ud658\uac01 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub798\ubc0d\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubaa8\ub974\ub4dc\ube48\uccb4\ud504\ub294 ‘\ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub97c \ub4a4\uc9d1\uc5b4\uc11c’ \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubb34\uc791\uc704\uc801\uc778 \uc7a1\uc74c\uc774\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ud48d\uacbd \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \uc785\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \ubd84\ub958\uae30\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\uae30\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.[xlvii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uadf8\ub294 ‘\uc5ec\ub7ec \uc885\ub958\uc758 \uc0ac\uc9c4\ub4e4\uc744 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud6c8\ub828\ub41c \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744 \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud788 \ub9ce\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4’\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub525\ub4dc\ub9bc\uc758 \uccab \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294, \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137 \uc548\uc758 \uac1c \ud488\uc885\uacfc \uc870\ub958 \uc885\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5c4\uccad\ub098\uac8c \uacfc\ub300\ud45c\ud604\ub418\uba74\uc11c, \uc0c8\uc758 \uae43\ud138\uacfc \uac1c\uc758 \ub208\uc774 \ub3c4\ucc98\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub610\ud55c ‘\ub364\ubca8’\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ubc94\uc8fc\ub294 \ucd08\ud604\uc2e4\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ud314\uc774 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ubd99\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1d\ud600\uc84c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubc94\uc8fc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc798\ubabb \ud45c\uc0c1\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \uc99d\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubd84\ub958\uc640 \uc0dd\uc131\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc740 \uc0dd\uc131 \uc801\ub300 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd(GAN, Generative Adversarial Networks)\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0GAN\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \ud310\ubcc4\uae30\uc640 \uc0dd\uc131\uae30\ub77c\ub294 \ub450 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud310\ubcc4\uae30(\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\ub958\uae30)\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uc0dd\uc131\uae30\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc774 \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub97c \uc778\uc2dd\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. GAN\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744 \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc99d\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub2a5\ub825 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 ‘\ub525 \ud398\uc774\ud06c(deep fakes)’[xlviii]<\/sup><\/a>\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc870\uc791\uc5d0 GAN\uc774 \ub0a8\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc9c4\uc2e4\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec, \uc774\uc640 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc751\uc6a9\uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \uc554 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud569\uc131 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 GAN\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc554 \uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ubd88\uade0\ud615\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ud55c \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc740 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc758 \uc554\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc554\uc758 \ud658\uac01\uc744 \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4.[xlix]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0 ‘\uc0ac\ubb3c\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc744 \ubc1c\uba85\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4’\uace0 \ud30c\ube44\uc548 \uc624\ud37c\ud2b8(Fabian Offert)\ub294 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. ‘\ubc1c\uacac\uc758 \uacf5\uac04\uc740 GAN\uc774 \uc774\ubbf8 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uacf5\uac04\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\ub2e4’.\u00a0[\u2026] \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 GAN\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00\ub97c \ubcf4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, GAN\uc774 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc99d\uac15\ud604\uc2e4\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uac00\uc0c1\ud604\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0GAN\uc740 \ubc1c\uacac\uacfc \ubc1c\uba85\uc744 \ud750\ub9ac\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4.’[l]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub1cc\uc554\uc758 GAN \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc740 AI\uac00 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\ud559 \ud658\uac01\uc758 \ube44\uadf9\uc801 \uc0ac\ub840\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Tumor\"<\/p>\n

Joseph Paul Cohen, Margaux Luck and Sina Honari. \u2018Distribution Matching Losses Can Hallucinate Features in Medical Image Translation\u2019, 2018. Courtesy of the authors.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

9. \ud1b5\uacc4\uae30\uae30\uc758 \uacb0\ud568: \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc758 \ubbf8\ud0d0\uc9c0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

21\uc138\uae30\u00a0AI\uc758 \uaddc\ubc94\ub825\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc801 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub4e4\ub85c \uba74\ubc00\ud788 \uc870\uc0ac\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4: \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ud328\ud134\uc73c\ub85c \ud504\ub808\uc784\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uba70, \uc0ac\ud68c\ud589\uc704\uc758 \ubca1\ud130 \uacf5\uac04\uacfc \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uadf8\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\ud478\ucf54(Foucault)\uc758 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \uadfc\ub300 \ucd08\uae30 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc815\uc0c1\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9\uacfc \ube44\uc815\uc0c1\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uaddc\ubc94\uc744 \uce21\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.[li]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0AI\ub294 \ud604\ub300 \uae30\uad00\ub4e4, \uadf8 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uad00\ub8cc\uc8fc\uc758, \uc758\ud559, \ud1b5\uacc4(\uc6d0\ub798 \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc778\uad6c \uc218\uce58\uc801 \uc9c0\uc2dd)\uc758 ‘\uc815\uc0c1\ud654\uc758 \ud798’\uc744 \ud655\ub300\ud558\uc5ec AI \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uc218\uc911\uc5d0 \uc27d\uac8c \ub118\uaca8\ubc84\ub9b0\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \uaddc\ubc94\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc801\uc778 \uaddc\ubc94\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4: \uc8fc\uc81c, \uc2e0\uccb4, \ud589\ub3d9\uc758 \ubd84\ub958\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uacf5\uacf5 \ub4f1\ub85d\uc18c\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uacfc \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc13c\ud130\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.[lii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud3f4\ub77c \ub450\uc544\ub974\ud14c(Paula Duarte)\ub294 ‘\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc911\uc2ec \ud569\ub9ac\uc131\uc740 \uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc131\uc758 \ud45c\ud604\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4’[liii]<\/sup><\/a>\uace0 \uacb0\ub860 \ub0b4\ub838\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 AI \ud1b5\uacc4\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uce21\uc815\ub418\uace0 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \ub300\uc0c1\uc778 \uc778\uac04\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\ub294 \ud2c8, \ub9c8\ucc30, \uac08\ub4f1\uc774 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0AI \ud1b5\uacc4\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uaca9\ucc28\ub294 \ub300\uac1c\u00a0\ud3b8\ud5a5<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ub17c\uc758\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc5bc\uad74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc18c\uc218\uc790\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc798\ubabb \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294\uc9c0 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ud751\uc778 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 AI \uc8fc\ub3c4 \ubb3c\ub958 \ubc0f \ubc30\ub2ec \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc6b0\ud68c\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud558\uac8c \uc785\uc99d\ud588\ub2e4.[liv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub9cc\uc57d \uc131\ubcc4, \uc778\uc885, \uacc4\uce35 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc774 AI \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc99d\ud3ed\ub41c\ub2e4\uba74, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub610\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud575\uc2ec\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ucc28\ubcc4\uacfc \uc815\uc0c1\ud654\ub77c\ub294 \ub354 \ud070 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\uc810\uc740\u00a0\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0ac\uac74\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0 \uc608\uce21<\/strong>\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub835\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c \ub3c5\ud2b9\ud55c \ubcc0\uce59, \ud754\uce58 \uc54a\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9, \ubd95\uad34\ub97c \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a4\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud589\uc704\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc791\ub3d9\uc591\uc2dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ubd84\ub958, \uc989 \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294 \uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc740\uc720, \uc77c\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \ub300\ud654\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub18d\ub2f4, \ub610\ub294 \ud2b9\uc774\ud55c \uc7a5\uc560\ubb3c(\ubcf4\ud589\uc790? \ud639\uc740 \ube44\ub2d0\ubd09\uc9c0?)\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\uc774\uc0c1\u00a0<\/strong>\ud604\uc0c1<\/strong>\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc744 \ud0d0\uc9c0\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \uac83(\ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ubcf8 \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ubc94\uc8fc\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ub41c \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83)\uc740 \uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud788 \uc704\ud5d8\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\uc774\uba70 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc0ac\ub9dd\uc790\ub97c \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a8 \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc608\uce21, \ud639\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ud328\ud134 \uc0dd\uc131 \ub610\ud55c \ubbf8\ub798\uc758 \ucd94\uc138\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc774\uc640 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uacb0\ud568\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc815\ubcf4 \uc555\ucd95 \uae30\uc220\ub85c\uc11c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \ubd84\ub958 \uccb4\uacc4\uc640 \ud589\ub3d9 \ud328\ud134\uc758 \ub3c5\uc7ac\ub97c \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294\u00a0\uc624\ub798\ub41c \uac83\uc758 \uc7ac\uc0dd\uc131<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uba85\uba85\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc989, \uade0\uc77c\ud55c \uc2dc\uacf5\uac04\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc5b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud765\ubbf8\ub86d\uac8c\ub3c4, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294, \ubcf4\uc548 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc815\uc758\uac00 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \ucc3d\uc870\uc801 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ub825\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4 \ub610\ud55c \uc124\uba85\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774 \uc2dc\uacc4\uc5f4 \ub3c4\ud45c\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd94\uc138\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c \ud328\ud134\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc608\uc220\uc791\ud488\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc744 \uc608\uce21<\/strong>\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \ud2b9\uc131\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc744 \uc0dd\uc131<\/strong>\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \ud2b9\uc131\uacfc \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uad00\ub828\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0‘AI\uac00 \ucc3d\uc758\uc801\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uae4c?’\ub77c\ub294 \uc9c4\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub85c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc838\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4: \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \ubaa8\ubc29\ud488\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc791\ud488\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc678\uc0bd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 ‘\ucc3d\uc870\uc131’\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c\uc744 \ud0d0\uc9c0\ud55c \ub2e4\uc74c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc784\uc758\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc784\uae30\uc751\ubcc0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc989, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc124\uc815\ub41c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uacbd\uacc4 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ud0d0\uc0c9\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc5b4\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \uc555\ucd95 \uc815\ub3c4\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud558\uba74, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc608\uc220\uc744\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4 \uc608\uc220\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub974\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Statua<\/p>\n

Lewis Fry Richardson, \uc218\uce58\ucc98\ub9ac\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \ub0a0\uc528\uc608\uce21, Cambridge University Press, 1922.<\/h4>\n

\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub9d0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub610 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ubc84\uadf8\ub294 \ub450 \ud604\uc0c1 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \ud55c \ucabd\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \ucabd\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ucc44\ud0dd\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294\u00a0\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub0b4\ud3ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4<\/strong>\ub294\u00a0\uac83\uc774 \uc798 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec\uc838 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ub3d9\uc2dc\ubc1c\uc0dd\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc99d\uba85\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\ub840\ub97c\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\ud559\uc790 \ud504\ub808\ub4dc\ub9ad \ud638\ud504\ub9cc(Frederick Hoffman)\uc774 1896\ub144\uc5d0 \ubcf4\ud5d8\ud68c\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc744 \u00a0\uc704\ud574 \ud3b4\ub0b8 330\ud398\uc774\uc9c0 \ubd84\ub7c9\uc758 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud751\uc778 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc778\uacfc \uc9e7\uc740 \uc218\uba85\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc801\u00a0\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.[lv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ud45c\uba74\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc81c\ucc98\ub7fc \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294 \uc784\uc758\uc758 \uc0c1\uad00 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a02008\ub144\uc5d0 Wired\uc758 \ud3b8\uc9d1\uc7a5 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc564\ub354\uc2a8(Chris Anderson)\uc740 ‘\ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud3ed\uc8fc\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \uc4f8\ubaa8\uc5c6\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4’[lvi]<\/sup><\/a>\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub85c ‘\uc774\ub860\uc758 \uc885\ub9d0’\uc744 \uc120\uc5b8\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc624\ub958\ub97c \uc790\ub791\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc600\ub2e4.\u00a0\uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uacfc \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ucd94\ub860\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc804\ubb38\uac00\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \uc564\ub354\uc2a8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uad11\uace0 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc744 \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c, \uacfc\ud559 \ud328\ub7ec\ub2e4\uc784\uc744 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uacac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \uc88b\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \ud2c0\ub9bc\uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uc758 \uc120\uad6c\uc790\uc778 \uc8fc\ub514\uc544 \ud384(Judea Pearl)\uc870\ucc28\ub3c4 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc774 ‘\uace1\uc120 \ub9de\ucd94\uae30(Curve fitting)’\uc5d0 \uc9d1\ucc29\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub9cc \uae30\ub85d\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubbff\ub294\ub2e4.[lvii]<\/sup><\/a> \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uc624\ub958\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc815\uce58\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \uc804\uc138\uacc4 \uacbd\ucc30\ub825\uc774 \uc608\uce21\uc801 \ub2e8\uc18d \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \ucc44\ud0dd\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574\ubcf4\ub77c.[lviii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub304 \ub9e5\ud03c\ub780(Dan McQuillan)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc774 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ub418\uba74, \uadf8\uac83\uc740\u00a0\uc120\uc810(preemption)<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0dd\ubb3c\uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc7a5\uce58\ub85c \ubcc0\ud558\uba70,\u00a0\uc774\ub294 \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \ubc94\uc8c4\ud654\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc8fc\uad00\uc131\uc744 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud55c\ub2e4.[lix]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c ‘\uace1\uc120 \ub9de\ucd94\uae30’\uc5d0 \uc9d1\ucc29\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc740\u00a0\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubb38\ud654<\/em>\ub97c \uac15\uc694\ud558\uace0, \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4 \uc778\uc2dd(\ubc0f \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ucc45\uc784)\uc744 \uc758\uc0ac\uacb0\uc815\uc758 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub9f9\ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc9c4\ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

10. \uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc9c0\ub2a5 \ub300 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0, \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub80c\uc988\ub97c \ub2e8\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\ub098\uba70 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ud68c\uc808\uacfc \ud658\uac01\uc744 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uc558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774 \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc774 \uae30\uad6c\uc758 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \ub4a4\uc9d1\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uc790: \uacfc\ud559 \uc774\ub860\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0 \uc7a5\uce58\ub4e4\ub9cc\ud07c\uc774\ub098 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4 \u2013 \u2018\uc5b4\ub290 \uacf3\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \uc2dc\uc810\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2cc\u2019 \uacfc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uac16\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubcf4\ud1b5 \uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b8\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac15\ubc15\uc801 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \ud559\uc790\ub97c \uc5f0\uc0b0\uc758 \ub098\ub77d \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc778 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ud658\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ube68\uc544\ub4e4\uc778\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud30c\uc6b8\ub77c \ub9ac\uce74\ub974\ud14c(Paola Ricaurte)\uac00 \ub9d0\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, ‘\ub370\uc774\ud130 \ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc18c\uc2a4\ub85c \uac00\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.’[lx]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc911\uc2ec\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \ud574\ubc29\uc2dc\ud0ac \uac83\uc778\uac00? \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774\u00a0\uc8fc\uccb4\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc8fc\uccb4\uac00 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae68\ub2ec\uc544\uc57c \ud560 \ub54c\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub0b4\ubd80\uc8fc\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc640 \uc678\ubd80\uc8fc\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ud5c8\ubb3c \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4: \ud1b5\uc81c\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc8fc\uad00\uc131 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0, \uc8fc\uad00\uc131 \uc5c6\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uacfc\ud0c0\ub9ac(Guattari)\uac00 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub9d0\ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74, \uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5 \uc5ed\uc2dc ‘\uc778\uac04 \uc8fc\uad00\uc131\uc758 \ud2b9\uc815 \uce21\uba74\uc774 \ucd08-\uac1c\ubc1c\ub418\uace0 \ucd08-\uc9d1\uc911\ub41c \ud615\ud0dc’[lxi]<\/sup><\/a>\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ube44\ud310\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\ub9cc\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\uae30 \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\ub294\uc9c0, \ud53c\uc9c0\ubc30\uc790\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uaddc\ubc94\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30\uc5d0 \ubc18\uae30\ub97c \ub4dc\ub294\uc9c0, \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc7a5\ube44\ub97c \ud30c\uad34\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub7f0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c AI\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \uc54c\ub9ac\ub294 \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud574\ud0b9\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud574\ud0b9\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c\uc368, AI\uc758 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud0d0\uc0c9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc801 \ud0d0\uce68\uc774\ub2e4.[lxii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc5bc\uad74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc740 \ubc18-\uac10\uc2dc \ud65c\ub3d9\ub4e4\uc744 \ucd09\ubc1c\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uac04\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5bc\uad74 \ub09c\ub3c5\ud654 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 \uc778\uac04\uc744 \uc54c\uc544\ubcfc \uc218 \uc5c6\ub3c4\ub85d \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc989, \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\u00a0\ube14\ub799\ubc15\uc2a4<\/strong>\uac00 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uac10\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778\u00a0\ub09c\ub3c5\ud654<\/strong> \uae30\ubc95\ub4e4\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uc989\uc2dc \ud68d\ub4dd\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, AI \uc608\uc220\uac00\uc774\uc790\uc774\uc790 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uc778 \uc544\ub2f4 \ud558\ube44(Adam Harvey)\ub294 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ube44\uc804 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc18d\uc774\ub294 \ud558\uc774\ud37c\ud398\uc774\uc2a4(HyperFace)\ub77c\ub294 \uc704\uc7a5 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ubc1c\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud328\ud134\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc5bc\uad74\uc774 \uc804\ud600 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5bc\uad74\uc778\uc2dd \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uc774 \ud328\ud134\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac1c\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0b8\ub2e4.[lxiii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud558\ube44\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc77c\uc73c\ud0a8\ub2e4: \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub208\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774\uba70 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ube44\uc804 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294 \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00?\u00a0\ud558\uc774\ud37c\ud398\uc774\uc2a4\uac00 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0b8 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \uacb0\ud568\uc740 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ud2c8\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uae30\uacc4\uac00 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubcf4\ub294\uc9c0 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc778\uac04\uacfc \uae30\uacc4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uaca9\ucc28\ub294 \uc810\uc810 \ucee4\uc9c0\ub294 \uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9\uc758 \uc7a5\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc77c\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"Adam<\/p>\n

\uc544\ub2f4 \ud558\ube44, \ud558\uc774\ud37c\ud398\uc774\uc2a4 \ud328\ud134, 2016\ub144<\/h4>\n

\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9(Adversarial attack)<\/strong>\uc740 \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc0ac\uac01\uc9c0\ub300\uc640 \uc57d\ud55c \uc9c0\uc810\uc744 \uc545\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \ubd84\ub958\uae30\ub97c \uc18d\uc5ec\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubb3c\uccb4 \uc778\uc2dd(Object detection)\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ub77c\uc774\ud50c\ub85c \uc798\ubabb \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294, \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub208\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb34\ud574\ud574 \ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc870\uc791\ub41c \uac70\ubd81\uc774 \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc774 \uc801\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc785\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc608\uc774\ub2e4.[lxiv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc785\ub825\uc740 3D \ubb3c\uccb4\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28\ub97c \uc798\ubabb \uc548\ub0b4\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub3c4\ub85c \ud45c\uc9c0\ud310 \uc2a4\ud2f0\ucee4(\uc2e4\uc81c 50km\/h\uc758 \uc81c\ud55c\uc18d\ub3c4\ub97c 120km\/h\ub85c \uc77d\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.)[lxv]<\/sup><\/a> \ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc785\ub825\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\uac00 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ubcf8 \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc124\uacc4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc785\ub825\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc5ed\uc124\uacc4(reverse-engineering)\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\ub97c \uc624\uc5fc\uc2dc\ud0b4\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ub2ec\uc131\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc624\uc5fc(data poisoning)<\/strong>\u00a0\uae30\ubc95\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc5d0 \uc870\uc791\ub41c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc815\ud655\uc131\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\uace0 \uacb0\uad6d \uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc545\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubc31\ub3c4\uc5b4\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4.[lxvi]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uacf5\ud1b5\ub418\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \uc9c0\uc801\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4: ‘\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc785\ub825\uc758 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uce21\uba74\uc740 \ud55c \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0dd\uc131\ub41c \uc785\ub825\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uac70\ub098 \ub610\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uc2b5\ub41c \ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc798\ubabb \ubd84\ub958\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.’[lxvii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uacfc \uae30\uacc4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ubd88\uc77c\uce58\ub97c \uc77c\uae68\uc6cc\uc8fc\uba70, \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294 \ub610\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\uc784\uc744 \uc77c\uae68\uc6cc\uc900\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801, \uc874\uc7ac\ub860\uc801 \uacbd\uacc4\uc5d0\ub294 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ubd84\ub958\uc640 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ud1b5\uc81c\ubd88\ub2a5\uc758 \uc785\ub825\ub4e4\uacfc \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 \ud53c\uc9c0\ubc30\uc790\uac00 \ubc18\uaca9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uacf5\uaca9\uc740 \uc9c0\ubc30\uae30\uad6c\uc758 \uad00\uc808\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5b4\uae0b\ub098\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \uc7a5\uc560\ubb3c\uc744 \ubc1c\uba85\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \uc870\ub9bd\ub77c\uc778\uc744 \ubc29\ud574\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc801\ub300\uc801 \uc785\ub825\uc740 AI \uc2dc\ub300\uc758\u00a0\ub098\ub9c9\uc2e0(sabot)[lxviii]<\/sup><\/a>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

11. AI \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 ‘\uc785\ub825’\uacfc ‘\ucd9c\ub825’\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc744 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \ud3b8\ud5a5\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub178\ub3d9 \uc5ed\uc2dc AI\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud1b5\uc81c\uc7a5\ube44\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \ud1b5\uc81c\uc7a5\ube44\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8\uae09\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, \ub208\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc774 \uc870\ub9bd \ub77c\uc778\uc758 \uac01 \ub2e8\uacc4(\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b \uad6c\uc131, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \uac10\ub3c5, \ubaa8\ud615 \ud3c9\uac00 \ub4f1)\uc5d0 \uad00\uc5ec\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub05d\uc5c6\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \ud30c\uc774\ud504\ub77c\uc778\uc740 \uc138\uacc4 \ubd81\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \uc138\uacc4 \ub0a8\ubd80\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5bd\ud600 \uc788\ub2e4; \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ubca0\ub124\uc218\uc5d8\ub77c, \ube0c\ub77c\uc9c8, \uc774\ud0c8\ub9ac\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uc628 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ud06c\ub77c\uc6b0\ub4dc\uc18c\uc2a4 \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc740 \ub3c5\uc77c \uc790\uc728\uc8fc\ud589\ucc28\uc5d0\uac8c ‘\ubcf4\ub294 \ubc95’[lxix]<\/sup><\/a> \uc744 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc774\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\uc5d0 \ub300\ud56d\ud558\uc5ec, AI\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uacc4\uc0b0 \uacfc\uc815 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uac04 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\uac00 \uadf8 \uacfc\uc815\uc758 \uace0\ub9ac\ub97c, \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c\ub294 \uc870\ub9bd\ub77c\uc778\uc744, \ub2e8 \ud55c \ubc88\ub3c4 \uc774\ud0c8\ud55c \uc801\uc774 \uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uba54\ub9ac \uadf8\ub808\uc774(Mary Gray)\uc640 \uc2ef\ub2e4\ub974\ud2b8 \uc218\ub9ac(Siddharth Suri)\ub294 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc77c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc774\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \uc228\uaca8\uc838 \uc788\ub294 \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 ‘<\/strong>\uc720\ub839\u00a0<\/strong>\uc791\uc5c5(ghost work)’<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub97c \ubd99\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc758 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc740 \uba87\uba87 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \uacb0\uc815\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\uba74 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \uace0\ub9ac \uc548\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.\u00a0\uad00\ub828 \ub274\uc2a4 \ud53c\ub4dc\ub97c \ubc30\ub2ec\ud558\ub4e0, \ubb38\uc790\uba54\uc138\uc9c0\ub85c \uc218\uc2e0\ub41c \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \ud53c\uc790 \uc8fc\ubb38\uc744 \uc2e4\ud589\ud558\ub4e0, \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5(AI)\uc774 \ub118\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac70\ub098 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \ub9c8\uce58\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud560 \ub54c, \uc218\ucc9c \uac1c\uc758 \ud68c\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc758\uc9c0\ud558\uc5ec \uc870\uc6a9\ud788 \uadf8 \uc77c\uc744 \ub9c8\uce58\ub3c4\ub85d \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc870\ub9bd \ub77c\uc778\uc740 \ubd84\uc0b0\ub41c \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc801 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc744 \ud1b5\ud569\ud558\uace0, \uc644\uc131\ub41c \uc81c\ud488\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub97c \ucd9c\ud558\ud558\uba70, \ub0ae\uacfc \ubc24\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc6b4\uc601\ub41c\ub2e4.[lxx]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ub294 \uc2e0\ud654\uc774\ub2e4. AI\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub04a\uc784\uc5c6\uc774 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \uc694\uccad\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc77c\ubd80 \uc800\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 ‘\uc790\ub3d9\ud654(automation)’\ub97c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc778 ‘<\/strong>\ud5e4\ud14c\ub85c\uba54\uc774\uc158(heteromation)’<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uc790\uace0 \uc81c\uc548\ud588\ub2e4.[lxxi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\ud5e4\ud14c\ub85c\uba54\uc774\uc158\uc740\u00a0\ub04a\uc784\uc5c6\ub294 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784(perpetuum mobile)\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 AI\ub77c\ub294 \uc775\uc219\ud55c \uc11c\uc0ac\uac00 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc608\ube44\uad70 \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \uac00\ub2a5\ud568\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub178\ub3d9\uc740 \ub354 \uae4a\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc5d0\uc11c AI\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c(\uc785\ub825 \ub370\uc774\ud130, \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130, \ub610\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130, \uadf8 \uc774\ub984\uc774 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774\ub4e0 \uac04\uc5d0)\uc740 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uae30\uc220, \ud65c\ub3d9 \ubc0f \ud589\ub3d9, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc758 \ud45c\uc0c1\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc2b5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc740 \uc554\ubb35\uc801\uc73c\ub85c AI\uac00 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc778\uac04 \ub178\ub3d9 \ubd84\uc5c5\uc758 \ub3c4\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc740 \uc6b4\uc804\uc790, \uacbd\ube44\uc6d0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uac10\ub3c5\uc790\uac00 \uc791\uc5c5 \uc911\uc5d0 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ub178\ub3d9\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\ub3c4 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825, \uc2e4\ud5d8\uacc4\ud68d, \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc2e4 \uc870\uc9c1 \ubc0f \ubd84\uc11d\uc801 \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0AI\uc758 \uc815\ubcf4 \ud750\ub984\uc740 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0\uc11c ‘\ubd84\uc11d\uc801 \uc9c0\ub2a5(analytical intelligence)’\uc744 \ucd94\ucd9c\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \uae30\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\uc804\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uace0\uc548\ub41c \uc7a5\uce58\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4(\ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788, \ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \uc815\uc758\uc5d0 \uc785\uac01\ud574\uc11c \uc0ac\ud68c, \ubb38\ud654, \uacfc\ud559 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\ub41c \ud615\ud0dc\ub4e4\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4).[lxxii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc694\ucee8\ub300 \uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc740\u00a0\ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \ubd84\uc5c5<\/strong>\uc774\uba70 \uadf8 \uc8fc\ub41c \ubaa9\uc801\uc740\u00a0\ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654<\/strong>\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8 19\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \ucd08\uae30 \uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc774\u00a0\uc815\uc2e0\ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \ubd84\uc5c5, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc190\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ud589\ud574\uc57c\ud558\ub294 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \uae30\uacc4\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uc74c\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud574\uc654\ub2e4.[lxxiii]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4, \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc740 \ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \uac10\uc2dc\uc640 \ud1b5\uc81c, \uc789\uc5ec \uac00\uce58\uc758 \ucd5c\uc801 \uacc4\uc0b0, \uc9d1\ub2e8 \ud589\ub3d9\uc758 \uacc4\ud68d \ub4f1\uc758 \uc870\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc654\ub2e4.[lxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uacc4\uc0b0\uc740 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc778 \ucd94\ub860\ub9cc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uac00\uc2dc\uc131\uacfc \uc774\ud574\uc131\uc758 \uccb4\uc81c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ud655\ub9bd\ub418\uc5c8\uace0 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2dc\ud589\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uc7a5\uce58\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 AI\uc758 \uacc4\ubcf4\ub294 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uc2dd\ubcc4\uacfc \uc608\uce21 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0 \ub110\ub9ac \ucc44\uc6a9\ub428\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ud655\uc778\ub41c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub178\ub3d9\uc774\uc57c\ub9d0\ub85c AI\uac00 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc774\uc810\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc790\ub3d9\ud654\uc758 \uae30\uc220\ub85c\uc11c AI\ub294 \uace0\uc6a9\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc5c4\uccad\ub09c \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce60 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd\uc774 \uc0ac\uc9c4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c 1%\uc758 \uc624\ub958\uc728\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4\uba74 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \uc791\uc5c5(\uc608: \uacf5\ud56d \ubcf4\uc548)\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uc77c\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \uc57d 99%\uac00 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4(\ubc95\uc801 \uc81c\ud55c \ubc0f \ub178\ub3d9\uc870\ud569 \ubc18\ub300\uac00 \uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4).\u00a0AI\uac00 \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc740 (\ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c) \uc720\ub7fd\uc5f0\ud569(EU) \uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c\uc758 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc798 \uc124\uba85\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 ‘\ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub97c \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ubbf8\ub798\uc758 \uaddc\uc81c\uac00 \ub2e4\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 7\uac00\uc9c0 \ud544\uc218\uc801 \ucc28\uc6d0’\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4: 1) \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\uc758 \ud504\ub77c\uc774\ubc84\uc2dc \ubc0f \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubcf4\ud638, 2) \uac10\uc2dc, \ucd94\uc801 \ubc0f \ubaa8\ub2c8\ud130\ub9c1, 3) AI \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc744 \ud22c\uba85\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uac83, 4) \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c ‘\uc124\uba85\uad8c(right to explanation)’\uc758 \ud589\uc0ac \ubcf4\uc7a5, 5) \uc778\uac04-\uae30\uacc4 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\uc758 \uc791\uc5c5\uc790\uc758 \ubcf4\uc548 \ubc0f \uc548\uc804 \ubcf4\uc874, 6) \uc778\uac04-\uae30\uacc4 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\uc758 \uc791\uc5c5\uc790\uc758 \uc790\uc728\uc131 \uc99d\ub300, 7) \uc791\uc5c5\uc790\uac00 AI\ubb38\ub9f9\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \uac83.’[lxxv]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\ub294 AI \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38(Machinery Question)\uc744 \ub358\uc9c4\ub2e4.\u00a0\uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud601\uba85 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd09\ubc1c\ub41c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \ub3c4\uc785\uacfc \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2e4\uc9c1\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uc5ec \uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ucd09\uc9c4\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0, \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uae30\uacc4\uacf5\ud559\uad50 \uc6b4\ub3d9(Mechanics\u2019 Institute Movement)\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.[lxxvi]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 ‘\ud559\uc2b5 \uae30\uacc4’\uc640 \uc9c0\uc2dd \ucd94\ucd9c\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30(\ud06c\ub77c\uc6b0\uc2a4\uc18c\uc2f1 \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc758 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c \uc9c0\ub3c4\ub9cc \ubd10\ub3c4 \ubcf4\uc774\ub4ef\uc774 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc624\ub798\ub41c \uc2dd\ubbfc \ud1b5\uce58\uc758 \ud56d\ub85c\ub97c \uac15\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4.) \ub300\uc2e0\uc5d0 ‘\uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5’\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc9d1\ub2e8 \uc9c0\uc131\uacfc \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uacf5\uad50\uc721\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc740 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub610\ud55c \ubd81\ubc18\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uae30\uc5c5 AI\uc640 \uacf5\ub3d9\uc7ac\ub85c\uc11c \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub418\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd \uac04\uc758 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \ud45c\uba74\ud654\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0\ub204\uc2a4\ucf54\ud504\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc740 \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uba54\uce74\ub2c8\uceec \ud130\ud06c(Mechanical Turk)\uc758 \uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \ubc29\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4\uace0 \uae30\uacc4 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \uac1c\ub150\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc0b4\uc544\uc788\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\uc744 \uc870\uba85\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\"mechanical<\/p>\n

Thanks to Wietske Maas, Claire Glanois, Fabian Offert, Ariana Dongus and \u2026 for their comments and ideas.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc790\uc728\uc131\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology: Technics-Out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uad8c\ub825\uc774 \ubb3c\ub958 \uad00\ub9ac, \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998, \uae08\uc735\uc5d0 \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, The Politics of Operations: Excavating Contemporary Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2019. AI\uc758 \uc778\uc9c0 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Matteo Pasquinelli, \u2018Three Thousand Years of Algorithmic Rituals.\u2019 e-flux 101, 2019.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc778\ubb38\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc6d0\uac70\ub9ac \ub3c5\uc11c(distant reading)\ub77c\ub294 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc774 \uace0\uc548\ub410\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d\uacfc \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc744 \ubb38\ud559\uacfc \uc608\uc220\uc0ac \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: See: Franco Moretti, Distant Reading. London: Verso, 2013.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Gottfried W. Leibniz, \u2018Preface to the General Science\u2019, 1677. In: Phillip Wiener (ed.) Leibniz Selections. New York: Scribner,1951, 23.<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uac04\ub7b5\ud788 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uace0 \uc2f6\uc73c\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Dominique Cardon, Jean-Philippe Cointet and Antoine Mazieres, \u2018Neurons Spike Back: The Invention of Inductive Machines and the Artificial Intelligence Controversy.\u2019 Reseaux 211, 2018.<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> Alexander Campolo and Kate Crawford, \u2018Enchanted Determinism: Power without Control in Artificial Intelligence.\u2019 Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6, 2020.<\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a> \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uad6c\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc640 \ub17c\ub9ac \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud45c\uc0c1\uacfc \ucd94\ub860\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uac00 \uc810\ucc28 \ud750\ub824\uc838 \uac00\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud560 \uc758\ub3c4\ub85c \uc2dc\uac01\uc801 \ube44\uc720\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4. \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ud1b5\uacc4\ubaa8\ud615\ub4e4\uc740 (\ud558\ub860 \ud30c\ub85c\ud0a4(Harun Farocki)\uc758 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0(operative images)\uc758 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c) \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \ud45c\uc0c1(operative representation)\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\uc810\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Momin Mailk, \u2018A Hierarchy of Limitations in Machine Learning.\u2019 Arxiv preprint, 2020. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.05193<\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> AI \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc790\uc138\ud55c \ubaa9\ub85d\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: John Guttag and Harini Suresh, \u2018A Framework for Understanding Unintended Consequences of Machine Learning.\u2019 Arxiv preprint, 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.10002 \ub610\ud55c \ub2e4\uc74c\ub3c4 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Aram Galstyan, Kristin Lerman, Ninareh Mehrabi, Fred Morstatter and Nripsuta Saxena, \u2018A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning.\u2019 Arxiv preprint, 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1908.09635<\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> Virginia Eubanks, Automating Inequality. New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 2018. See also: Kate Crawford, \u2018The Trouble with Bias.\u2019 Keynote lecture, Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017.<\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a> Ruha Benjamin, Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2019, 5.<\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 AI\uac00 \uc2e0\ud638\ucc98\ub9ac, \uc989 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc555\ucd95\uc758 \ud55c \ubd84\uc57c\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> Matteo Pasquinelli, The Eye of the Master. London: Verso, forthcoming.<\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/a> \uc124\uba85\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5(Explainable Artificial Intelligence), \ud574\uc11d\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd(Interpretable Deep Learning), \ud788\ud2b8\ub9f5 \ubd84\uc11d(Heatmapping) \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774\uc640 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ub2e4\ub978 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\ud559\uc2b5\uc758 \u2018\ube14\ub799 \ubc15\uc2a4\u2019\ub97c \ub6ab\uace0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4, \uc644\uc804\ud55c \ud574\uc11d\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uacfc \uc124\uba85\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc740 \uc2e0\ud654\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Zacharay Lipton, \u2018The Mythos of Model Interpretability.\u2019 ArXiv preprint, 2016. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.03490<\/p>\n

[xv]<\/a> A. Corsani, B. Paulre, C. Vercellone, J.M. Monnier, M. Lazzarato, P. Dieuaide and Y. Moulier-Boutang, \u2018Le Capitalisme cognitif comme sortie de la crise du capitalisme industriel. Un programme de recherche\u2019, Paris: Laboratoire Isys Matisse, Maison des Sciences Economiques, 2004. \ub2e4\uc74c \ub610\ud55c \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Zuboff, Shoshana, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books, 2019.<\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/a> Lisa Gitelman (ed.), Raw Data is an Oxymoron, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.<\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/a> \uac10\ub3c5\ud559\uc2b5(supervised learning)\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud558\ub2e4. \uc790\uae30-\uac10\ub3c5\ud559\uc2b5(self-supervised learning)\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub610\ud55c \uc778\uac04 \uac1c\uc785\uc758 \ud615\uc2dd\uc774 \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/a> \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ubd84\ub958\uccb4\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Michel Foucault, The Order of Things. London: Routledge, 2005.<\/p>\n

[xix]<\/a> \uc81c\ud504 \ubca0\uc870\uc2a4(Jeff Bezos)\uac00 \uc5fc\uc138\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \u2018\uc778\uacf5 \uc778\uacf5 \uc9c0\ub2a5\u2019\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uba85\uba85\ud55c \uc544\ub9c8\uc874 \uba54\uce74\ub2c8\uceec \ud130\ud06c(Amazon Mechanical Turk)\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\ub4e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Jason Pontin, \u2018Artificial Intelligence, With Help from the Humans.\u2019 The New York Times, 25 March 2007.<\/p>\n

[xx]<\/a> \ucee8\ubcfc\ub8e8\uc158 \uad6c\uc870\ub294 1980\ub144\ub300 \uc580 \ub974\ucfe4\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub85c \uac70\uc2ac\ub7ec \uc62c\ub77c\uac00\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub525\ub7ec\ub2dd\uc740 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4: Geoffrey Hinton, Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever, \u2018ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.\u2019 Communications of the ACM 60(6), 2017.<\/p>\n

[xxi]<\/a> \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub137\uc758 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc811\uadfc \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c (\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\ub2e4\uc9c0 \ube44\ud310\uc801\uc774\uc9c4 \uc54a\uc740) \ubcf4\uace0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Melanie Mitchell, Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans. London: Penguin, 2019.<\/p>\n

[xxii]<\/a> \uc6cc\ub4dc\ub137\uc740 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc758 \uc758\ubbf8\uc801 \uad00\uacc4(semantic relations)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0ac\uc804\uc801 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ubca0\uc774\uc2a4\uc774\uba70, \ud504\ub9b0\uc2a4\ud134\ub300\ud559\uc758 \uc870\uc9c0 \uc544\ubbf8\ud2f0\uc9c0(George Armitage)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 1985\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc6cc\ub4dc\ub137\uc740 \uc5c4\uaca9\ud55c \ud2b8\ub9ac(tree)\uad6c\uc870\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ub4e4\uc744 \uad6c\uc870\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxiii]<\/a> Kate Crawford and Trevor Paglen, \u2018Excavating AI: The Politics of Training Sets for Machine Learning.\u2019 19 September 2019. https:\/\/excavating.ai<\/p>\n

[xxiv]<\/a> Adam Harvey and Jules LaPlace, Megapixel project, 2019. https:\/\/megapixels.cc\/about And: Madhumita Murgia, \u2018Who’s Using Your Face? The Ugly Truth About Facial Recognition.\u2019 Financial Times, 19 April 2019.<\/p>\n

[xxv]<\/a> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc720\ub7fd \uc758\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 2018\ub144 5\uc6d4\uc5d0 \ud1b5\uacfc\ub41c GDPR \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub77c\uc774\ubc84\uc2dc \uaddc\uc81c\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \ubbf8\ud569\uc911\uad6d\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uac1c\uc120\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxvi]<\/a> Frank Rosenblatt, \u2018The Perceptron: A Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton.\u2019 Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report 85-460-1, 1957.<\/p>\n

[xxvii]<\/a> Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, \u2018How We Know Universals: The Perception of Auditory and Visual Forms.\u2019 The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 9(3): 1947.<\/p>\n

[xxviii]<\/a> \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ud559\uc2b5\ub418\ub294 \ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \u2018\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218(parameter)\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uba70, \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uacb0\uc815\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \u2018\ucd08\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218(hyperparameters)\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub978\ub2e4. \uc774 \ucd08\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub294 \ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\ub098 \uc131\uc9c8\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxix]<\/a> \uc774 \uac12\uc740 1\uacfc 0 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ud37c\uc13c\ud2f0\uc9c0 \uac12\uc774 \ub420 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxx]<\/a> Keras\ub294 \uc2ec\uce35\uc2e0\uacbd\ub9dd \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub798\ubc0d\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ub110\ub9ac \uc4f0\uc774\ub294 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub798\ubc0d \ud504\ub808\uc784\uc6cc\ud06c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxxi]<\/a> https:\/\/keras.io\/applications (Documentation for individual models).<\/p>\n

[xxxii]<\/a> Paul Edwards, A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and The Politics of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2010.<\/p>\n

[xxxiii]<\/a> \ucf5c\ub85c\ub77c\ub3c4(Colorado) \uc8fc \ubcfc\ub354(Bolder)\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c \uad6d\ub9bd \ub300\uae30\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0(National Center for Atmospheric Research)\uc5d0\uc11c 1996\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub41c Community Earth System Model (CESM)\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c. CESM\uc740 \ub300\uae30, \ubc14\ub2e4, \uc5bc\uc74c, \uc9c0\ud45c\uba74, \ud0c4\uc18c \uc21c\ud658, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \uc5bd\ud600 \uc788\ub294 \uc218\uce58 \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc774\ub2e4. CESM\uc740 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc758 \uacfc\uac70, \ud604\uc7ac, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd5c\uc2e0\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uae30\ud6c4 \ubaa8\ud615\ub3c4 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. http:\/\/www.cesm.ucar.edu<\/p>\n

[xxxiv]<\/a> George Box, \u2018Robustness in the Strategy of Scientific Model Building.\u2019 Technical Report #1954, Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1979.<\/p>\n

[xxxv]<\/a> \uc778\ub958\ud559\uacfc \uc778\uc885\ud559\uc758 \ud0c8\uc2dd\ubbfc(post-colonial) \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud0c8\uad6c\uc870\uc8fc\uc758(post-structuralist) \ud559\ud30c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc601\ud1a0\ub77c\ub294 \uac83 \uc790\uccb4\ub294 \uc5c6\uace0 \uc624\uc9c1 \uc601\ud1a0\ud654(territorialization)\ub9cc\uc774 \uc788\uc744 \ubfd0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxxvi]<\/a> \ud328\ud134 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc8fc\uc758 \uc9d1\uc911\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c(economy of attention) \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4. \uc870\ub098\ub2e8 \ubca8\ub7ec(Jonathan Beller)\uac00 \uc77c\uae68\uc6cc\uc8fc\ub4ef\uc774, \u2018\ubcf8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub178\ub3d9\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u2019 Jonathan Beller, The Cinematic Mode of Production: Attention Economy and the Society of the Spectacle. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2006, 2.<\/p>\n

[xxxvii]<\/a> Dan McQuillan, \u2018Manifesto on Algorithmic Humanitarianism.\u2019 Presented at the symposium Reimagining Digital Humanitarianism, Goldsmiths, University of London, February 16, 2018.<\/p>\n

[xxxviii]<\/sup><\/a> \uc544\uc8fc \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc644\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ube57\ub300\uc5b4 \ube0c\ub8e8\ud2b8 \ud3ec\uc2a4\ub77c\uace0 \ud45c\ud604\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xxxix]<\/a> \ubcf4\ud3b8 \uadfc\uc0ac \uc815\ub9ac(Universal Approximation Theorem)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc99d\uba85\ub418\ub4ef\uc774.<\/p>\n

[xl]<\/a> Ananya Ganesh, Andrew McCallum and Emma Strubell, \u2018Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.\u2019 ArXiv preprint, 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1906.02243<\/p>\n

[xli]<\/a> Cardon et al, \u2018Neurons Spike Back.\u2019<\/p>\n

[xlii]<\/a> William Gibson, Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books, 1984, 69.<\/p>\n

[xliii]<\/a> Source: corpling.hypotheses.org\/495<\/p>\n

[xliv]<\/a> Jamie Morgenstern, Samira Samadi, Mohit Singh, Uthaipon Tantipongpipat and Santosh Vempala, \u2018The Price of Fair PCA: One Extra Dimension.\u2019 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31, 2018.<\/p>\n

[xlv]<\/a> \uc870\ub825\ub41c \ucc3d\uc791(assisted creation)\uc640 \uc0dd\uc131\uc801 \ucc3d\uc791(generative creation)\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Roel of Pieters and Samim Winiger, \u2018Creative AI: On the Democratisation and Escalation of Creativity\u2019, 2016. http:\/\/www. medium.com\/@creativeai\/creativeai-9d4b2346faf3<\/p>\n

[xlvi]<\/a> Os Keyes, \u2018The Misgendering Machines: Trans\/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition.\u2019 Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2(88), November 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274357<\/p>\n

[xlvii]<\/a> Alexander Mordvintsev, Christophe Olah and Mike Tyka, \u2018Inceptionism: Going Deeper into Neural Networks.\u2019 Google Research blog, June 17, 2015. https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2015\/06\/ inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html<\/p>\n

[xlviii]<\/a> \ub525 \ud398\uc774\ud06c(Deep fake)\ub294 \ube44\ub514\uc624\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \ub9e4\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc5bc\uad74\uc744 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4 \ud569\uc131\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uac00\uc9dc \ub274\uc2a4\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \uacf3 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[xlix]<\/a> Joseph Paul Cohen, Sina Honari and Margaux Luck, \u2018Distribution Matching Losses Can Hallucinate Features in Medical Image Translation.\u2019 International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. Cham:Springer, 2018. arXiv:1805.08841<\/p>\n

[l]<\/a> Fabian Offert, Neural Network Cultures panel, Transmediale festival and KIM HfG Karlsruhe. Berlin, 1 February 2020. http:\/\/kim.hfg-karlsruhe.de\/events\/neural-network-cultures<\/p>\n

[li]<\/a> Michel Foucault, Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975. New York: Picador, 2004, 26.<\/p>\n

[lii]<\/a> \uacc4\uc0b0\uc801\uc778 \uaddc\ubc94\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\ub77c: Matteo Pasquinelli, \u2018Arcana Mathematica Imperii: The Evolution of Western Computational Norms.\u2019 In: Maria Hlavajova et al. (eds), Former West. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.<\/p>\n

[liii]<\/a> Paola Ricaurte, \u2018Data Epistemologies, The Coloniality of Power, and Resistance.\u2019 Television & New Media, 7 March 2019.<\/p>\n

[liv]<\/a> David Ingold, and Spencer Soper, \u2018Amazon Doesn\u2019t Consider the Race of its Customers. Should It?\u2019, Bloomberg, 21 April 2016. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/2016-amazon-same-day<\/p>\n

[lv]<\/a> Cathy O\u2019Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction. New York: Broadway Books, 2016, ch 9.<\/p>\n

[lvi]<\/a> Chris Anderson, \u2018The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete.\u2019 Wired, 23 June 2008. For a critique see: Fulvio Mazzocchi, \u2018Could Big Data Be the End of Theory in Science? A Few Remarks on the Epistemology of Data-Driven Science.\u2019 EMBO Reports 16(10), 2015.<\/p>\n

[lvii]<\/a> Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie, The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. New York: Basic Books, 2018.<\/p>\n

[lviii]<\/a> \ub274\uc695 \uacbd\ucc30\uacfc(New York Police Department)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 1980\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \ud589\ud574\uc9c4 \uc2e4\ud5d8\ub4e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Pasquinelli, \u2018Arcana Mathematica Imperii.\u2019<\/p>\n

[lix]<\/a> Dan McQuillan, \u2018People\u2019s Councils for Ethical Machine Learning.\u2019 Social Media and Society 4(2), 2018.<\/p>\n

[lx]<\/a> Ricaurte, \u2018Data Epistemologies.\u2019<\/p>\n

[lxi]<\/a> Felix Guattari, Schizoanalytic Cartographies. London: Continuum, 2013, 2.<\/p>\n

[lxii]<\/a> AI\uc640 \ud574\ud0b9\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uac89\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uc801\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4: \uc774 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc591\ucabd\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubc30\uc6b0\uace0, \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uace0, \ub610\ud55c \uac15\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc21c\ud658\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uc18c\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[lxiii]<\/a> Adam Harvey, HyperFace project, 2016. https:\/\/ahprojects.com\/hyperface<\/p>\n

[lxiv]<\/a> Anish Athalye et al., \u2018Synthesizing Robust Adversarial Examples.\u2019 ArXiv preprint, 2017. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1707.07397<\/p>\n

[lxv]<\/a> Nir Morgulis et al., \u2018Fooling a Real Car with Adversarial Traffic Signs.\u2019 ArXiv preprint, 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.00374<\/p>\n

[lxvi]<\/a> \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc624\uc5fc\uc740 \ud504\ub77c\uc774\ubc84\uc2dc\ub97c \ubcf4\uc874\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc14b\uc5d0 \uc775\uba85\ud654\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ubb34\uc791\uc704\uc801\uc778 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ub123\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ud589\ub420 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[lxvii]<\/a> Ian Goodfellow et al., \u2018Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples.\u2019 ArXiv preprint, 2014. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1412.6572<\/p>\n

[lxviii]<\/a> \ubc29\ud574\uacf5\uc791\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \uc0ac\ubcf4\ud0c0\uc8fc(sabotage)\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub294 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub85c \ub098\ub9c9\uc2e0\uc744 \uc77c\uceeb\ub294 sabot\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc720\ub798\ud588\ub2e4. \uc911\uc138 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc601\uc8fc\uc758 \ubd80\ub2f9\ud55c \ub300\uc6b0\uc5d0 \ud56d\uc758\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \ub18d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\ub9c9\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uc0b0\ubb3c\uc744 \uc9d3\ubc1f\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub798\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

[lxix]<\/a> Florian Schmidt, \u2018Crowdsourced Production of AI Training Data: How Human Workers Teach Self-Driving Cars to See.\u2019 Dusseldorf: Hans-Bockler-Stiftung, 2019.<\/p>\n

[lxx]<\/a> Mary Gray and Siddharth Suri, Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Boston: Eamon Dolan Books, 2019.<\/p>\n

[lxxi]<\/a> Hamid Ekbia and Bonnie Nardi, Heteromation, and Other Stories of Computing and Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2017.<\/p>\n

[lxxii]<\/a> \ubd84\uc11d\uc801 \uc9c0\ub2a5(analytical intelligence)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud558\ub77c: Lorraine Daston, \u2018Calculation and the Division of Labour 1750\u20131950.\u2019 Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 62, 2018.23<\/p>\n

[lxxiii]<\/a> Simon Schaffer, \u2018Babbage\u2019s Intelligence: Calculating Engines and the Factory System\u2019, Critical Inquiry 21, 1994. Lorraine Daston, \u2018Enlightenment calculations\u2019. Critical Inquiry 21, 1994. Matthew L. Jones, Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Innovation, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.<\/p>\n

[lxxiv]<\/a> Matteo Pasquinelli, \u2018On the Origins of Marx\u2019s General Intellect.\u2019 Radical Philosophy 2.06, 2019.<\/p>\n

[lxxv]<\/a> Aida Ponce, \u2018Labour in the Age of AI: Why Regulation is Needed to Protect Workers.\u2019 ETUI Research Paper – Foresight Brief 8, 2020. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3541002<\/p>\n

[lxxvi]<\/a> Maxine Berg, The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c, \uc774\ucf54\ub178\ubbf8\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc9c0(the Economist)\uc870\ucc28 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc5d0 AI\uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0\ub294 \u2018\uae30\uacc4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \uacbd\uace0\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\ub77c: Tom Standage, \u2018The Return of the Machinery Question.\u2019 The Economist, 23 June 2016.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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